build(port): CMake improvements

[olanti-p]

Summary

SUMMARY: Build "[DDA Port] CMake improvements"

Purpose of change

Working towards #3113

Describe the solution

Cherry-pick almost everything from the following PRs:

• Align CMake to Visual Studio projects CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#56875
• PREFIX doesn't go through C preprocessor stringification CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#57984
• Correct logic for -Wno-unknown-warning-option CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#58523
• Use correct cmake variable for prefix.h.in CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#58911
• Build Windows Release with CMake (part1) CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#61225
• Build Windows Release with CMake (part 2) CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#61880
• Correct CMake install locations on *nix CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#62234
• Remove x86 specific macro definitions in MSVC build in CMake CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#62602
• Fix CMake compilation and localization CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#63208
• Enable -g1 in CMake release build to produce source and line number in stack trace CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#64705
• Add CMake option for XDG directories CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#64816
• Update vcpkg configuration, again CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#64874
• Downgrade cmake files to v3.20 CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#65376
• Add VERSION.txt to .gitignore CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#62600
• CMake install() changes, static linking build, mark directories with fs::path{} CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#65822
• Hotfix for #66273 CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#66287
• Improve CMake behavior on Unix and macOS CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#66369
• Small fixes in CMake build in Linux devcontainer CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#68300
• Add include directories to CMake SDL2 targets CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#68382
• Fix clang-tidy workflow by installing 'required' libflac-dev CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#68331

I had to temporarily revert #3248 because of conflicts; I'll have to figure out how to reapply it in the future.

Additional changes:

1. MSYS+CMake and MSVC+CMake builds have been added to CI (will run on PR; TODO: make run on upload only)
2. A few fixes in the source code to make the game compile on newer compilers and MSVC
3. Changed a few compile flags to closer match what we have right now rather then what DDA has
4. vcpkg manifest is tied to a fixed version so the dependencies don't suddenly change on us
5. CMake build will automatically use vcpkg bundled with Visual Studio 2022
6. Added a patch removing brotli feature from freetype pulled in by vcpkg because I couldn't get the executable to properly link to libbrotli on one of the platforms, and disabling features of dependencies is broken in vcpkg
7. Expanded CMakePresets.json for use in Visual Studio
8. For Visual Studio, CMake will automatically configure working directory for debugging
9. Added docs on using CMake with Visual Studio
10. Removed from docs mentions on how to use CMake+vcpkg build on Linux. The produced executable segfaults on SDL init, which turned out to be common for both BN and latest DDA. May be related to this: SDL doesn't open a window when compiled with vcpkg microsoft/vcpkg#34457 Not a big deal; the main point of us using vcpkg is having it fetch build dependencies on Windows, where it's a much more painful process than on Linux.
11. Some changes related to localization files weren't useful for BN since we use a different system, and many of those issues have already been solved on our side.
12. Added precompiled headers for tests (build speedup)
13. Removed automatic CMake formatter added in [DDA Port] Various improvements to CMake builds #3208. DDA doesn't seem to be using any automated formatter, but on our side autofix formats the code and introduces merge conflicts. Also, I don't like some of the changes it does, and there's no support for some of the style choices that imo should be the defaults (e.g. ensuring endif() does not repeat the check in if()).
14. Changed MSYS build in CI to run on pushes to upload rather than on every PR

TODO list

• Cherry-pick more PRs
• Fix localization stuff
• BNify things
• Add Lua switches where needed
• Check if we need to keep using specific vcpkg version, and if so, which - updated to version microsoft/vcpkg@c9aba30, which contains SDL 2.26.5 with the fix for Police car's sound is distorted (@'s soundpack) CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA#63765
• Figure out why CMake+MSVC tests are extremely slow - Turned out, build type in CMake must be defined in a different way when it comes to multigenerators like Visual Studio, so it was compiling the fallback Debug instead of Release
• Figure out why CMake+MSYS2 compilation is slower then Makefile+MSYS2 - There seems to be a fixed 10-20% (eyeballing it here) penalty to build times even after I've aligned most compile flags (-DNDEBUG, -g1, optimization levels). Most likely I'm missing something there, doing test builds in VM gave very inconsistent results (up to being 10% faster then Makefile). Same inconsistent results were present when running jobs on this PR. MSYS2 is low-priority, since our main builds are MXE and MSVC, so I'm willing to overlook this for now.
• Reapply build(cmake): deduplicate library setup #3248 - This will have to come later, when it's time to reorganize the project. I'd rather not introduce additional changes to the build structure while we're still burdened by the other build systems.
• Update documentation
• Move the new doc file into proper folder
• Get rid of some DDA-specific zlib linker flags
• Check out ccache crash on MSYS2 Nevermind, it works now. Must've been the wind?
• Add to CI
• Test everything

Describe alternatives you've considered

Figuring all of this out by myself.

Testing

Things that were NOT tested because I plan to deal with them in later PRs:

• CMake install targets
• Creating releases from CMake builds
• CMake on macOS

Builds that have been tested manually in the process:

• MSYS2 + CMake
• VS2022 + CMake (bundled vcpkg) - both building in IDE and with command line
• VS2019 + CMake (independent vcpkg) - both building in IDE and with command line
• VSCode + CMake + Clang on Linux

CI has tested the rest of CMake builds.

Additional context

In VSCode, I had to disable use of presets in the the Microsoft's CMake extension because it forced me to choose a preset and picked the default GCC toolchain, but didn't let me switch over to Clang while still using preset.

[olanti-p]

Aaaand it's done. 1 month, 20+ force-pushes and 180+ commits (after squashing).

The new CMake builds pass all checks and are roughly equivalent to existing Makefile / Visual Studio builds.
CI will now validate CMake+MSYS and CMake+MSVC builds, though only on pushes to upload so they don't clog up the waiting queue as much. Plain MSYS CI builds have also been shifted to upload, there's not much reason to run them for every PR.

Clang-tidy failures are unrelated to changes here.
Similarly, Asan timing out is not related (see #3664).
Mac build works, but it might appear not to because it's executed after failing Asan and thus may be skipped.