Bazel "linkstatic" should be de-boilerplated

[david-german-tri]

We should zap linkstatic = 1 throughout Drake, then add back the ones that are actually necessary, with explanatory comments.

[david-german-tri]

From f2f with @jwnimmer-tri: On cc_library rules, linkstatic = 1 spares us the cost of compiling twice. That's useful, so we should just move it inside the drake_cc_library macro, now that we have one.

Longer-term, we might consider generating PIC, at which point Bazel could produce a .so and a .a without compiling twice, and we might then want to turn linkstatic off again.

This entire discussion has no bearing on cc_binary rules, where linkstatic = 1 causes Bazel to prefer .a dependencies when available. That's good and we should continue doing it. Again, it could be deboilerplated into the drake_cc_binary macro.