ci: Use workspace rather than cache

[mslipper]

Updates CircleCI to use workspaces rather than the build cache to pass around node modules and build artifacts. I've found this to save between 1-2 minutes on the yarn install job.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: c21c15b

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[tynes]

Hard to know with confidence that these changes work without seeing the CI jobs themselves triggered, but assuming you saw it working

[mergify]

This PR has been added to the merge queue, and will be merged soon.

[mergify]

This PR is next in line to be merged, and will be merged as soon as checks pass.