Support MERGE on cloned table in Delta Lake

[chenjian2664]

Description

Fix problem that fail update on cloned table, reproduce steps:

testing/bin/ptl env up --environment singlenode-delta-lake-oss

In Trino: create schema delta.tiny with (location='s3://test-bucket/tiny/');

In Spark-sql: CREATE TABLE tiny.t1 (id int, v string, part date) USING DELTA PARTITIONED BY (part);

In Trino: insert into delta.tiny.t1 values (1, 'A', TIMESTAMP '2024-01-01'), (2, 'B', TIMESTAMP '2024-01-01'), (3, 'C', TIMESTAMP '2024-02-02'), (4, 'D', TIMESTAMP '2024-02-02');

In Spark-sql: CREATE TABLE tiny.t1clone SHALLOW CLONE tiny.t1;

In Trino: update delta.tiny.t1clone set v = 'update1' where id in (1,3); It fails with:

Query 20240904_130833_00010_r4mc9 failed: path [s3://test-bucket/tiny/t1/part=2024-02-02/20240904_125421_00003_r4mc9_8e16bc1c-e33d-45da-b085-427d66e55960] must be a subdirectory of basePath [s3://test-bucket/tiny/t1clone]

Additional context and related issues

Release notes

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## Delta Lake
* Fix failure for `MERGE` queries on [cloned](https://delta.io/blog/delta-lake-clone/) tables. ({issue}`24756`)

[chenjian2664]

Flaky https://github.com/trinodb/trino/actions/runs/13252130779/job/36992189991?pr=24756#step:5:2296

[pajaks]

LGTM

[ebyhr]

/test-with-secrets sha=0b2cb43ae47dea47a9f7fb86d745453699188cb3

[github-actions]

The CI workflow run with tests that require additional secrets has been started: https://github.com/trinodb/trino/actions/runs/13281480006

[ebyhr]

@chenjian2664 Please throw exceptions for unclear situations. This is initial merge support for cloned tables. We should start as strict as possible.

[ebyhr]

(Rebased on master with no changes)