Cache short decimal type instances

[findepi]

When profiling Iceberg planning on TPC-DS data set, it was found out that 10% of time spend inside TableStatisticsMaker is actually spent inside ShortDecimalType constructor.

[findepi]

When profiling Iceberg planning on TPC-DS data set

I know this isn't very representative, as TPC-DS tables aren't very wide and my data set isn't comprised from a large number of files. Still, it's kind of surprising to see this show up in a profile, among code that does some IO.

[martint]

it was found out that 10% of time spend inside

Most of that time is in the constructor of TypeSignature, and my guess is that it is related to all the validation and list processing.

Caching is an ok workaround for now, but it doesn't solve the underlying problem (which is to fix/get rid of TypeSignature)

[findepi]

https://github.com/trinodb/trino/actions/runs/3205780736/jobs/5240103859 fail may be not related

Error:  io.trino.server.remotetask.TestHttpRemoteTask.testRejectedExecution  Time elapsed: 4.194 s  <<< FAILURE!
java.lang.AssertionError: expected [REMOTE_TASK_ERROR:65542] but found [GENERIC_INTERNAL_ERROR:65536]
	at org.testng.Assert.fail(Assert.java:94)
	at org.testng.Assert.failNotEquals(Assert.java:513)
	at org.testng.Assert.assertEqualsImpl(Assert.java:135)
	at org.testng.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:116)
	at org.testng.Assert.assertEquals(Assert.java:179)
	at io.trino.server.remotetask.TestHttpRemoteTask.runTest(TestHttpRemoteTask.java:398)
	at io.trino.server.remotetask.TestHttpRemoteTask.testRejectedExecution(TestHttpRemoteTask.java:167)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:77)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:568)
	at org.testng.internal.MethodInvocationHelper.invokeMethod(MethodInvocationHelper.java:104)
	at org.testng.internal.InvokeMethodRunnable.runOne(InvokeMethodRunnable.java:54)
	at org.testng.internal.InvokeMethodRunnable.run(InvokeMethodRunnable.java:44)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:539)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1136)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)
	at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)

will retry

[findepi]

filed #14526

[martint]

Capitalize SHORT_DECIMAL_TYPES. I might just call it CACHE or INSTANCES, though.