Add cast functions for char datatype to numeric types

[elbinpallimalilibm]

Description

Add CAST functions for CHAR datatype to different numeric datatypes.

Motivation and Context

Impact

Test Plan

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Release Notes

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== RELEASE NOTES ==

General Changes
* Added support for casting char datatype to various numeric datatypes.     :pr:`23792`

[tdcmeehan]

Can you add some test cases for the following:

1. some numbers without whitespace
2. What happens when the number is outside of the range of values for integer/float
3. Any support for nan or infinity
4. any support for hexidecimal numbers
5. Any support for hexidecimal floating point numbers

[elbinpallimalilibm]

Added some more tests. There is no support for hexa decimal numbers now.

[elbinpallimalilibm]

We could probably add support for hexadecimals by considering any char(x) type prefixed with 0x as a hexadecimal, but I'm not sure if that will be an unintended output for those who use the cast function

[steveburnett]

Nit to include the PR number in the release note entry, following the Release Notes Guidelines.

== RELEASE NOTES ==

General Changes
* Add support for casting char datatype to various numeric datatypes.  :pr:`23792`

[prestodb-ci]

Saved that user @elbinpallimalilibm is from IBM