fix: remove window and document dependencies in web packages

[legendecas]

Which problem is this PR solving?

Fix the dependencies on window and document API in web packages for WebWorker compatibility.

Related: #1575

Short description of the changes

• We don't need to access web APIs from window (window === globalThis).
• parseURL with URL constructor and fallback to anchor element if possible.
• No longer exposes a document element in sdk-trace-web as public API.

Type of change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)

How Has This Been Tested?

This should be web main frame compatible and worker tests should be introduced in #2659.

Checklist:

• Followed the style guidelines of this project
• Unit tests have been added
• Documentation has been updated

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #2689 (b1b654f) into main (50252a9) will increase coverage by 0.00%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2689   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   92.52%   92.52%           
=======================================
  Files         144      144           
  Lines        5177     5180    +3     
  Branches     1102     1103    +1     
=======================================
+ Hits         4790     4793    +3     
  Misses        387      387           

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
packages/opentelemetry-sdk-trace-web/src/utils.ts	95.00% <100.00%> (+0.09%)	⬆️
...emetry-instrumentation-xml-http-request/src/xhr.ts	97.57% <0.00%> (-0.02%)	⬇️
...s/opentelemetry-instrumentation-fetch/src/fetch.ts	97.00% <0.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️