feat(traits): Implement trait bounds def collector + resolver passes

[alexvitkov]

This needs to be merged after #2652 - this PR also unfortunately includes the changes from that and the diff is currently quite ugly

Problem*

Summary*

Progress on #2568

This is the first part of a two-episode series on Trait Bounds. It turned out quite big, so I've split it into two - the next PR adds the type checker & monomorphizer for where clauses which is the majority of the work, this is some setup work that needs to get done in the early passes.

Changes:

• renamed trait AST structures to follow the convention of other structs: Trait -> NoirTrait and TraitImpl -> NoirTraitImp
• added find_trait_or_emit_error which is helpful when walking over the where clause
• when resolving functions, go over their where_clause and bind TraitIds to the UnresolvedTraitConstraints

Documentation

• This PR requires documentation updates when merged.

  • I will submit a noir-lang/docs PR.
  • I will request for and support Dev Rel's help in documenting this PR.

Additional Context

PR Checklist*

• I have tested the changes locally.
• I have formatted the changes with Prettier and/or cargo fmt on default settings.

[jfecher]

Since other PRs depend on this, I'll make my own PR to fix the small nits so that we can merge this one now.