Add precompilation tests

[vchuravy]

No description provided.

[maleadt]

Updated to the new API and rebased to confirm it passes CI.
@vchuravy Anything you want to do here, clean-up wise? I guess the helpers could be inlined since they won't have multiple users.

[vchuravy]

I need to actually add the tests that the internal caches are hit, right now I am just checking that they survive precompilation. @gbaraldi and I found a fix for 1.12 and 1.13+ so that to-do is mostly addressed.

Upstream PRs:

• Ensure CI from external MI and foreign abs interpreter survive precompilation JuliaLang/julia#60747
• [1.12] Don't skip CIs from external absints JuliaLang/julia#60741