Backport of build(docker): always publish full and minor version tags for dev images into release/1.15.x

[hc-github-team-consul-core]

Backport

This PR is auto-generated from #19278 to be assessed for backporting due to the inclusion of the label backport/1.15.

🚨

Warning automatic cherry-pick of commits failed. If the first commit failed,
you will see a blank no-op commit below. If at least one commit succeeded, you
will see the cherry-picked commits up to, not including, the commit where
the merge conflict occurred.

The person who merged in the original PR is:
@DanStough
This person should manually cherry-pick the original PR into a new backport PR,
and close this one when the manual backport PR is merged in.

merge conflict error: POST https://api.github.com/repos/hashicorp/consul/merges: 409 Merge conflict []

The below text is copied from the body of the original PR.

---

Description

Always publishing full and minor-only tag versions. This accomplishes two goals:

For long-running release branches, .x, always publish a minor-only tag so that tests use the latest version (e.g. 1.17-dev)
For point release branches, .0, always publish the full version so we can fix this for testing purposes (e.g. 1.17.0)

Links

Similar to hashicorp/consul-dataplane#306

---

Overview of commits

• c6bb4a5

[hashicorp-cla]

All committers have signed the CLA.

[github-team-consul-core-pr-approver]

Auto approved Consul Bot automated PR