backport: v1.16 - ci: Publish artefacts for the exactly required docker images (#17080)

[phlax]

Commit Message: backport: v1.16 - ci: Publish artefacts for the exactly required docker images (#17080)
Additional Description:
Risk Level:
Testing:
Docs Changes:
Release Notes:
Platform Specific Features:
[Optional Runtime guard:]
[Optional Fixes #Issue]
[Optional Deprecated:]
[Optional API Considerations:]

[repokitteh-read-only]

CC @envoyproxy/api-shepherds: Your approval is needed for changes made to (api/envoy[\w/]*/(v1alpha\d?|v1|v2alpha\d?|v2))|(api/envoy/type/(matcher/)?\w+.proto).
CC @envoyproxy/api-shepherds: Your approval is needed for changes made to api/envoy/.
envoyproxy/api-shepherds assignee is @markdroth
CC @envoyproxy/api-watchers: FYI only for changes made to api/envoy/.
CC @envoyproxy/dependency-shepherds: Your approval is needed for changes made to (bazel/.*repos.*\.bzl)|(bazel/dependency_imports\.bzl)|(api/bazel/.*\.bzl)|(.*/requirements\.txt)|(.*\.patch).

🐱

Caused by: #17198 was opened by phlax.

see: more, trace.