- External
sysv64
ffi is now available. eg.extern "sysv64" fn foo () {}
- rustc now uses 16 codegen units by default for release builds.
For the fastest builds, utilize
codegen-units=1
. - Added
armv4t-unknown-linux-gnueabi
target. - Add
aarch64-unknown-openbsd
support
str::find::<char>
now uses memchr. This should lead to a 10x improvement in performance in the majority of cases.OsStr
'sDebug
implementation is now lossless and consistent with Windows.time::{SystemTime, Instant}
now implementHash
.- impl
From<bool>
forAtomicBool
- impl
From<{CString, &CStr}>
for{Arc<CStr>, Rc<CStr>}
- impl
From<{OsString, &OsStr}>
for{Arc<OsStr>, Rc<OsStr>}
- impl
From<{PathBuf, &Path}>
for{Arc<Path>, Rc<Path>}
- float::from_bits now just uses transmute. This provides some optimisations from LLVM.
- Copied
AsciiExt
methods ontochar
- Remove
T: Sized
requirement onptr::is_null()
- impl
From<RecvError>
for{TryRecvError, RecvTimeoutError}
- Optimised
f32::{min, max}
to generate more efficent x86 assembly [u8]::contains
now uses memchr which provides a 3x speed improvement
The following functions can now be used in a constant expression.
eg. let buffer: [u8; size_of::<usize>()];
, static COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(1);
AtomicBool::new
AtomicUsize::new
AtomicIsize::new
AtomicPtr::new
Cell::new
{integer}::min_value
{integer}::max_value
mem::size_of
mem::align_of
ptr::null
ptr::null_mut
RefCell::new
UnsafeCell::new
- Added a
workspace.default-members
config that overrides implied--all
in virtual workspaces. - Enable incremental by default on development builds. Also added
configuration keys to
Cargo.toml
and.cargo/config
to disable on a per-project or global basis respectively.
- Floating point types
Debug
impl now always prints a decimal point. Ipv6Addr
now rejects superfluous::
's in IPv6 addresses This is in accordance with IETF RFC 4291 §2.2.- Unwinding will no longer go past FFI boundaries, and will instead abort.
Formatter::flags
method is now deprecated. Thesign_plus
,sign_minus
,alternate
, andsign_aware_zero_pad
should be used instead.- Leading zeros in tuple struct members is now an error
column!()
macro is one-based instead of zero-basedfmt::Arguments
can no longer be shared across threads- Access to
#[repr(packed)]
struct fields is now unsafe
- Arbitrary
auto
traits are now permitted in trait objects. - rustc now uses subtyping on the left hand side of binary operations. Which should fix some confusing errors in some operations.
- Enabled
TrapUnreachable
in LLVM which should mitigate the impact of undefined behaviour. - rustc now suggests renaming import if names clash.
- Display errors/warnings correctly when there are zero-width or wide characters.
- rustc now avoids unnecessary copies of arguments that are simple bindings This should improve memory usage on average by 5-10%.
- Updated musl used to build musl rustc to 1.1.17
- Allow a trailing comma in
assert_eq/ne
macro - Implement Hash for raw pointers to unsized types
- impl
From<*mut T>
forAtomicPtr<T>
- impl
From<usize/isize>
forAtomicUsize/AtomicIsize
. - Removed the
T: Sync
requirement forRwLock<T>: Send
- Removed
T: Sized
requirement for{<*const T>, <*mut T>}::as_ref
and<*mut T>::as_mut
- Optimized
Thread::{park, unpark}
implementation - Improved
SliceExt::binary_search
performance. - impl
FromIterator<()>
for()
- Copied
AsciiExt
trait methods to primitive types. Use ofAsciiExt
is now deprecated.
- Cargo now supports uninstallation of multiple packages
eg.
cargo uninstall foo bar
uninstallsfoo
andbar
. - Added unit test checking to
cargo check
- Cargo now lets you install a specific version
using
cargo install --version
- Releases now ship with the Cargo book documentation.
- rustdoc now prints rendering warnings on every run.
- Changes have been made to type equality to make it more correct, in rare cases this could break some code. Tracking issue for further information
char::escape_debug
now uses Unicode 10 over 9.- Upgraded Android SDK to 27, and NDK to r15c. This drops support for Android 9, the minimum supported version is Android 14.
- Bumped the minimum LLVM to 3.9
non_snake_case
lint now allows extern no-mangle functions- Now accepts underscores in unicode escapes
T op= &T
now works for numeric types. eg.let mut x = 2; x += &8;
- types that impl
Drop
are now allowed inconst
andstatic
types
- rustc now defaults to having 16 codegen units at debug on supported platforms.
- rustc will no longer inline in codegen units when compiling for debug This should decrease compile times for debug builds.
- strict memory alignment now enabled on ARMv6
- Remove support for the PNaCl target
le32-unknown-nacl
- Allow atomic operations up to 32 bits
on
armv5te_unknown_linux_gnueabi
Box<Error>
now implsFrom<Cow<str>>
std::mem::Discriminant
is now guaranteed to beSend + Sync
fs::copy
now returns the length of the main stream on NTFS.- Properly detect overflow in
Instant += Duration
. - impl
Hasher
for{&mut Hasher, Box<Hasher>}
- impl
fmt::Debug
forSplitWhitespace
. Option<T>
now implsTry
This allows for using?
withOption
types.
- Cargo will now build multi file examples in subdirectories of the
examples
folder that have amain.rs
file. - Changed
[root]
to[package]
inCargo.lock
Packages with the old format will continue to work and can be updated withcargo update
. - Now supports vendoring git repositories
libbacktrace
is now available on Apple platforms.- Stabilised the
compile_fail
attribute for code fences in doc-comments. This now lets you specify that a given code example will fail to compile.
- The minimum Android version that rustc can build for has been bumped
to
4.0
from2.3
- Allowing
T op= &T
for numeric types has broken some type inference cases
- You can now use static references for literals.
Example:
fn main() { let x: &'static u32 = &0; }
- Relaxed path syntax. Optional
::
before<
is now allowed in all contexts. Example:my_macro!(Vec<i32>::new); // Always worked my_macro!(Vec::<i32>::new); // Now works
- Upgraded jemalloc to 4.5.0
- Enabled unwinding panics on Redox
- Now runs LLVM in parallel during translation phase. This should reduce peak memory usage.
- Generate builtin impls for
Clone
for all arrays and tuples that areT: Clone
Stdin
,Stdout
, andStderr
now implementAsRawFd
.Rc
andArc
now implementFrom<&[T]> where T: Clone
,From<str>
,From<String>
,From<Box<T>> where T: ?Sized
, andFrom<Vec<T>>
.
- You can now call
cargo install
with multiple package names - Cargo commands inside a virtual workspace will now implicitly
pass
--all
- Added a
[patch]
section toCargo.toml
to handle prepublication dependencies RFC 1969 include
&exclude
fields inCargo.toml
now accept gitignore like patterns- Added the
--all-targets
option - Using required dependencies as a feature is now deprecated and emits a warning
- Cargo docs are moving to doc.rust-lang.org/cargo
- The rustdoc book is now available at doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc
- Added a preview of RLS has been made available through rustup
Install with
rustup component add rls-preview
std::os
documentation for Unix, Linux, and Windows now appears on doc.rust-lang.org Previously only showedstd::os::unix
.
- Changes in method matching against higher-ranked types This may cause breakage in subtyping corner cases. A more in-depth explanation is available.
- rustc's JSON error output's byte position start at top of file.
Was previously relative to the rustc's internal
CodeMap
struct which required the unstable librarylibsyntax
to correctly use. unused_results
lint no longer ignores booleans
- Struct fields are now properly coerced to the expected field type.
- Enabled wasm LLVM backend WASM can now be built with the
wasm32-experimental-emscripten
target. - Changed some of the error messages to be more helpful.
- Add support for RELRO(RELocation Read-Only) for platforms that support it.
- rustc now reports the total number of errors on compilation failure previously this was only the number of errors in the pass that failed.
- Expansion in rustc has been sped up 29x.
- added
msp430-none-elf
target. - rustc will now suggest one-argument enum variant to fix type mismatch when applicable
- Fixes backtraces on Redox
- rustc now identifies different versions of same crate when absolute paths of different types match in an error message.
- Relaxed Debug constraints on
{HashMap,BTreeMap}::{Keys,Values}
. - Impl
PartialEq
,Eq
,PartialOrd
,Ord
,Debug
,Hash
for unsized tuples. - Impl
fmt::{Display, Debug}
forRef
,RefMut
,MutexGuard
,RwLockReadGuard
,RwLockWriteGuard
- Impl
Clone
forDefaultHasher
. - Impl
Sync
forSyncSender
. - Impl
FromStr
forchar
- Fixed how
{f32, f64}::{is_sign_negative, is_sign_positive}
handles NaN. - allow messages in the
unimplemented!()
macro. ie.unimplemented!("Waiting for 1.21 to be stable")
pub(restricted)
is now supported in thethread_local!
macro.- Upgrade to Unicode 10.0.0
- Reimplemented
{f32, f64}::{min, max}
in Rust instead of using CMath. - Skip the main thread's manual stack guard on Linux
- Iterator::nth for
ops::{Range, RangeFrom}
is now done in O(1) time #[repr(align(N))]
attribute max number is now 2^31 - 1. This was previously 2^15.{OsStr, Path}::Display
now avoids allocations where possible
CStr::into_c_string
CString::as_c_str
CString::into_boxed_c_str
Chain::get_mut
Chain::get_ref
Chain::into_inner
Option::get_or_insert_with
Option::get_or_insert
OsStr::into_os_string
OsString::into_boxed_os_str
Take::get_mut
Take::get_ref
Utf8Error::error_len
char::EscapeDebug
char::escape_debug
compile_error!
f32::from_bits
f32::to_bits
f64::from_bits
f64::to_bits
mem::ManuallyDrop
slice::sort_unstable_by_key
slice::sort_unstable_by
slice::sort_unstable
str::from_boxed_utf8_unchecked
str::as_bytes_mut
str::as_bytes_mut
str::from_utf8_mut
str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut
str::get_mut
str::get_unchecked_mut
str::get_unchecked
str::get
str::into_boxed_bytes
- Cargo API token location moved from
~/.cargo/config
to~/.cargo/credentials
. - Cargo will now build
main.rs
binaries that are in sub-directories ofsrc/bin
. ie. Havingsrc/bin/server/main.rs
andsrc/bin/client/main.rs
generatestarget/debug/server
andtarget/debug/client
- You can now specify version of a binary when installed through
cargo install
using--vers
. - Added
--no-fail-fast
flag to cargo to run all benchmarks regardless of failure. - Changed the convention around which file is the crate root.
- The
include
/exclude
property inCargo.toml
now accepts gitignore paths instead of glob patterns. Glob patterns are now deprecated.
- Functions with
'static
in their return types will now not be as usable as if they were using lifetime parameters instead. - The reimplementation of
{f32, f64}::is_sign_{negative, positive}
now takes the sign of NaN into account where previously didn't.
- Numeric fields can now be used for creating tuple structs. RFC 1506
For example
struct Point(u32, u32); let x = Point { 0: 7, 1: 0 };
. - Macro recursion limit increased to 1024 from 64.
- Added lint for detecting unused macros.
loop
can now return a value withbreak
. RFC 1624 For example:let x = loop { break 7; };
- C compatible
union
s are now available. RFC 1444 They can only containCopy
types and cannot have aDrop
implementation. Example:union Foo { bar: u8, baz: usize }
- Non capturing closures can now be coerced into
fn
s, RFC 1558 Example:let foo: fn(u8) -> u8 = |v: u8| { v };
- Add support for bootstrapping the Rust compiler toolchain on Android.
- Change
arm-linux-androideabi
to correspond to thearmeabi
official ABI. If you wish to continue targeting thearmeabi-v7a
ABI you should use--target armv7-linux-androideabi
. - Fixed ICE when removing a source file between compilation sessions.
- Minor optimisation of string operations.
- Compiler error message is now
aborting due to previous error(s)
instead ofaborting due to N previous errors
This was previously inaccurate and would only count certain kinds of errors. - The compiler now supports Visual Studio 2017
- The compiler is now built against LLVM 4.0.1 by default
- Added a lot of new error codes
- Added
target-feature=+crt-static
option RFC 1721 Which allows libraries with C Run-time Libraries(CRT) to be statically linked. - Fixed various ARM codegen bugs
String
now implementsFromIterator<Cow<'a, str>>
andExtend<Cow<'a, str>>
Vec
now implementsFrom<&mut [T]>
Box<[u8]>
now implementsFrom<Box<str>>
SplitWhitespace
now implementsClone
[u8]::reverse
is now 5x faster and[u16]::reverse
is now 1.5x fastereprint!
andeprintln!
macros added to prelude. Same as theprint!
macros, but for printing to stderr.
- Build scripts can now add environment variables to the environment
the crate is being compiled in.
Example:
println!("cargo:rustc-env=FOO=bar");
- Subcommands now replace the current process rather than spawning a new child process
- Workspace members can now accept glob file patterns
- Added
--all
flag to thecargo bench
subcommand to run benchmarks of all the members in a given workspace. - Updated
libssh2-sys
to 0.2.6 - Target directory path is now in the cargo metadata
- Cargo no longer checks out a local working directory for the crates.io index This should provide smaller file size for the registry, and improve cloning times, especially on Windows machines.
- Added an
--exclude
option for excluding certain packages when using the--all
option - Cargo will now automatically retry when receiving a 5xx error from crates.io
- The
--features
option now accepts multiple comma or space delimited values. - Added support for custom target specific runners
- Added
rust-windbg.cmd
for loading rust.natvis
files in the Windows Debugger. - Rust will now release XZ compressed packages
- rustup will now prefer to download rust packages with XZ compression over GZip packages.
- Added the ability to escape
#
in rust documentation By adding additional#
's ie.##
is now#
MutexGuard<T>
may only beSync
ifT
isSync
.-Z
flags are now no longer allowed to be used on the stable compiler. This has been a warning for a year previous to this.- As a result of the
-Z
flag change, thecargo-check
plugin no longer works. Users should migrate to the built-incheck
command, which has been available since 1.16. - Ending a float literal with
._
is now a hard error. Example:42._
. - Any use of a private
extern crate
outside of its module is now a hard error. This was previously a warning. use ::self::foo;
is now a hard error.self
paths are always relative while the::
prefix makes a path absolute, but was ignored and the path was relative regardless.- Floating point constants in match patterns is now a hard error This was previously a warning.
- Struct or enum constants that don't derive
PartialEq
&Eq
used match patterns is now a hard error This was previously a warning. - Lifetimes named
'_
are no longer allowed. This was previously a warning. - From the pound escape, lines consisting of multiple
#
s are now visible - It is an error to re-export private enum variants. This is known to break a number of crates that depend on an older version of mustache.
- On Windows, if
VCINSTALLDIR
is set incorrectly,rustc
will try to use it to find the linker, and the build will fail where it did not previously
- Stabilize pub(restricted)
pub
can now accept a module path to make the item visible to just that module tree. Also accepts the keywordcrate
to make something public to the whole crate but not users of the library. Example:pub(crate) mod utils;
. RFC 1422. - Stabilize
#![windows_subsystem]
attribute conservative exposure of the/SUBSYSTEM
linker flag on Windows platforms. RFC 1665. - Refactor of trait object type parsing Now
ty
in macros can accept types likeWrite + Send
, trailing+
are now supported in trait objects, and better error reporting for trait objects starting with?Sized
. - 0e+10 is now a valid floating point literal
- Now warns if you bind a lifetime parameter to 'static
- Tuples, Enum variant fields, and structs with no
repr
attribute or with#[repr(Rust)]
are reordered to minimize padding and produce a smaller representation in some cases.
- rustc can now emit mir with
--emit mir
- Improved LLVM IR for trivial functions
- Added explanation for E0090(Wrong number of lifetimes are supplied)
- rustc compilation is now 15%-20% faster Thanks to optimisation opportunities found through profiling
- Improved backtrace formatting when panicking
- Specialized
Vec::from_iter
being passedvec::IntoIter
if the iterator hasn't been advanced the originalVec
is reassembled with no actual iteration or reallocation. - Simplified HashMap Bucket interface provides performance improvements for iterating and cloning.
- Specialize Vec::from_elem to use calloc
- Fixed Race condition in fs::create_dir_all
- No longer caching stdio on Windows
- Optimized insertion sort in slice insertion sort in some cases 2.50%~ faster and in one case now 12.50% faster.
- Optimized
AtomicBool::fetch_nand
Child::try_wait
HashMap::retain
HashSet::retain
PeekMut::pop
TcpStream::peek
UdpSocket::peek
UdpSocket::peek_from
- Added partial Pijul support Pijul is a version control system in Rust.
You can now create new cargo projects with Pijul using
cargo new --vcs pijul
- Now always emits build script warnings for crates that fail to build
- Added Android build support
- Added
--bins
and--tests
flags now you can build all programs of a certain type, for examplecargo build --bins
will build all binaries. - Added support for haiku
- rustdoc can now use pulldown-cmark with the
--enable-commonmark
flag - Added rust-windbg script for better debugging on Windows
- Rust now uses the official cross compiler for NetBSD
- rustdoc now accepts
#
at the start of files - Fixed jemalloc support for musl
-
Changes to how the
0
flag works in format! Padding zeroes are now always placed after the sign if it exists and before the digits. With the#
flag the zeroes are placed after the prefix and before the digits. -
Due to the struct field optimisation, using
transmute
on structs that have norepr
attribute or#[repr(Rust)]
will no longer work. This has always been undefined behavior, but is now more likely to break in practice. -
The refactor of trait object type parsing fixed a bug where
+
was receiving the wrong priority parsing things like&for<'a> Tr<'a> + Send
as&(for<'a> Tr<'a> + Send)
instead of(&for<'a> Tr<'a>) + Send
-
rustc main.rs -o out --emit=asm,llvm-ir
Now will outputout.asm
andout.ll
instead of only one of the filetypes. -
calling a function that returns
Self
will no longer work when the size ofSelf
cannot be statically determined. -
rustc now builds with a "pthreads" flavour of MinGW for Windows GNU this has caused a few regressions namely:
- Changed the link order of local static/dynamic libraries (respecting the order on given rather than having the compiler reorder).
- Changed how MinGW is linked, native code linked to dynamic libraries may require manually linking to the gcc support library (for the native code itself)
- The lifetime of statics and consts defaults to
'static
. RFC 1623 - Fields of structs may be initialized without duplicating the field/variable names. RFC 1682
Self
may be included in thewhere
clause ofimpls
. RFC 1647- When coercing to an unsized type lifetimes must be equal. That is,
there is no subtyping between
T
andU
whenT: Unsize<U>
. For example, coercing&mut [&'a X; N]
to&mut [&'b X]
requires'a
be equal to'b
. Soundness fix. - Values passed to the indexing operator,
[]
, automatically coerce - Static variables may contain references to other statics
- Exit quickly on only
--emit dep-info
- Make
-C relocation-model
more correctly determine whether the linker creates a position-independent executable - Add
-C overflow-checks
to directly control whether integer overflow panics - The rustc type checker now checks items on demand instead of in a single
in-order pass. This is mostly an internal refactoring in support of
future work, including incremental type checking, but also resolves RFC
1647, allowing
Self
to appear inimpl
where
clauses. - Optimize vtable loads
- Turn off vectorization for Emscripten targets
- Provide suggestions for unknown macros imported with
use
- Fix ICEs in path resolution
- Strip exception handling code on Emscripten when
panic=abort
- Add clearer error message using
&str + &str
Arc::into_raw
Arc::from_raw
Arc::ptr_eq
Rc::into_raw
Rc::from_raw
Rc::ptr_eq
Ordering::then
Ordering::then_with
BTreeMap::range
BTreeMap::range_mut
collections::Bound
process::abort
ptr::read_unaligned
ptr::write_unaligned
Result::expect_err
Cell::swap
Cell::replace
Cell::into_inner
Cell::take
BTreeMap
andBTreeSet
can iterate over rangesCell
can store non-Copy
types. RFC 1651String
implementsFromIterator<&char>
Box
implements a number of new conversions:From<Box<str>> for String
,From<Box<[T]>> for Vec<T>
,From<Box<CStr>> for CString
,From<Box<OsStr>> for OsString
,From<Box<Path>> for PathBuf
,Into<Box<str>> for String
,Into<Box<[T]>> for Vec<T>
,Into<Box<CStr>> for CString
,Into<Box<OsStr>> for OsString
,Into<Box<Path>> for PathBuf
,Default for Box<str>
,Default for Box<CStr>
,Default for Box<OsStr>
,From<&CStr> for Box<CStr>
,From<&OsStr> for Box<OsStr>
,From<&Path> for Box<Path>
ffi::FromBytesWithNulError
implementsError
andDisplay
- Specialize
PartialOrd<A> for [A] where A: Ord
- Slightly optimize
slice::sort
- Add
ToString
trait specialization forCow<'a, str>
andString
Box<[T]>
implementsFrom<&[T]> where T: Copy
,Box<str>
implementsFrom<&str>
IpAddr
implementsFrom
for various arrays.SocketAddr
implementsFrom<(I, u16)> where I: Into<IpAddr>
format!
estimates the needed capacity before writing a string- Support unprivileged symlink creation in Windows
PathBuf
implementsDefault
- Implement
PartialEq<[A]>
forVecDeque<A>
HashMap
resizes adaptively to guard against DOS attacks and poor hash functions.
- Add
cargo check --all
- Add an option to ignore SSL revocation checking
- Add
cargo run --package
- Add
required_features
- Assume
build.rs
is a build script - Find workspace via
workspace_root
link in containing member
- Documentation is rendered with mdbook instead of the obsolete, in-tree
rustbook
- The "Unstable Book" documents nightly-only features
- Improve the style of the sidebar in rustdoc output
- Configure build correctly on 64-bit CPU's with the armhf ABI
- Fix MSP430 breakage due to
i128
- Preliminary Solaris/SPARCv9 support
rustc
is linked statically on Windows MSVC targets, allowing it to run without installing the MSVC runtime.rustdoc --test
includes file names in test names- This release includes builds of
std
forsparc64-unknown-linux-gnu
,aarch64-unknown-linux-fuchsia
, andx86_64-unknown-linux-fuchsia
. - Initial support for
aarch64-unknown-freebsd
- Initial support for
i686-unknown-netbsd
- This release no longer includes the old makefile build system. Rust is built with a custom build system, written in Rust, and with Cargo.
- Add Debug implementations for libcollection structs
TypeId
implementsPartialOrd
andOrd
--test-threads=0
produces an errorrustup
installs documentation by default- The Rust source includes NatVis visualizations. These can be used by WinDbg and Visual Studio to improve the debugging experience.
- Rust 1.17 does not correctly detect the MSVC 2017 linker. As a workaround, either use MSVC 2015 or run vcvars.bat.
- When coercing to an unsized type lifetimes must be equal. That is,
disallow subtyping between
T
andU
whenT: Unsize<U>
, e.g. coercing&mut [&'a X; N]
to&mut [&'b X]
requires'a
be equal to'b
. Soundness fix. format!
andDisplay::to_string
panic if an underlying formatting implementation returns an error. Previously the error was silently ignored. It is incorrect forwrite_fmt
to return an error when writing to a string.- In-tree crates are verified to be unstable. Previously, some minor crates were marked stable and could be accessed from the stable toolchain.
- Rust git source no longer includes vendored crates. Those that need to build with vendored crates should build from release tarballs.
- Fix inert attributes from
proc_macro_derives
- During crate resolution, rustc prefers a crate in the sysroot if two crates are otherwise identical. Unlikely to be encountered outside the Rust build system.
- Fixed bugs around how type inference interacts with dead-code. The existing code generally ignores the type of dead-code unless a type-hint is provided; this can cause surprising inference interactions particularly around defaulting. The new code uniformly ignores the result type of dead-code.
- Tuple-struct constructors with private fields are no longer visible
- Lifetime parameters that do not appear in the arguments are now considered
early-bound, resolving a soundness bug (#32330). The
hr_lifetime_in_assoc_type
future-compatibility lint has been in effect since April of 2016. - rustdoc: fix doctests with non-feature crate attributes
- Make transmuting from fn item types to pointer-sized types a hard error
- The compiler's
dead_code
lint now accounts for type aliases. - Uninhabitable enums (those without any variants) no longer permit wildcard match patterns
- Clean up semantics of
self
in an import list Self
may appear inimpl
headersSelf
may appear in struct expressions
rustc
now supports--emit=metadata
, which causes rustc to emit a.rmeta
file containing only crate metadata. This can be used by tools like the Rust Language Service to perform metadata-only builds.- Levenshtein based typo suggestions now work in most places, while previously they worked only for fields and sometimes for local variables. Together with the overhaul of "no resolution"/"unexpected resolution" errors (#38154) they result in large and systematic improvement in resolution diagnostics.
- Fix
transmute::<T, U>
whereT
requires a bigger alignment thanU
- rustc: use -Xlinker when specifying an rpath with ',' in it
rustc
no longer attempts to provide "consider using an explicit lifetime" suggestions. They were inaccurate.
VecDeque::truncate
VecDeque::resize
String::insert_str
Duration::checked_add
Duration::checked_sub
Duration::checked_div
Duration::checked_mul
str::replacen
str::repeat
SocketAddr::is_ipv4
SocketAddr::is_ipv6
IpAddr::is_ipv4
IpAddr::is_ipv6
Vec::dedup_by
Vec::dedup_by_key
Result::unwrap_or_default
<*const T>::wrapping_offset
<*mut T>::wrapping_offset
CommandExt::creation_flags
File::set_permissions
String::split_off
[T]::binary_search
and[T]::binary_search_by_key
now take their argument byBorrow
parameter- All public types in std implement
Debug
IpAddr
implementsFrom<Ipv4Addr>
andFrom<Ipv6Addr>
Ipv6Addr
implementsFrom<[u16; 8]>
- Ctrl-Z returns from
Stdin.read()
when reading from the console on Windows - std: Fix partial writes in
LineWriter
- std: Clamp max read/write sizes on Unix
- Use more specific panic message for
&str
slicing errors TcpListener::set_only_v6
is deprecated. This functionality cannot be achieved in std currently.writeln!
, likeprintln!
, now accepts a form with no string or formatting arguments, to just print a newline- Implement
iter::Sum
anditer::Product
forResult
- Reduce the size of static data in
std_unicode::tables
char::EscapeDebug
,EscapeDefault
,EscapeUnicode
,CaseMappingIter
,ToLowercase
,ToUppercase
, implementDisplay
Duration
implementsSum
String
implementsToSocketAddrs
- The
cargo check
command does a type check of a project without building it - crates.io will display CI badges from Travis and AppVeyor, if specified in Cargo.toml
- crates.io will display categories listed in Cargo.toml
- Compilation profiles accept integer values for
debug
, in addition totrue
andfalse
. These are passed torustc
as the value to-C debuginfo
- Implement
cargo --version --verbose
- All builds now output 'dep-info' build dependencies compatible with make and ninja
- Build all workspace members with
build --all
- Document all workspace members with
doc --all
- Path deps outside workspace are not members
rustdoc
has a--sysroot
argument that, likerustc
, specifies the path to the Rust implementation- The
armv7-linux-androideabi
target no longer enables NEON extensions, per Google's ABI guide - The stock standard library can be compiled for Redox OS
- Rust has initial SPARC support. Tier 3. No builds available.
- Rust has experimental support for Nvidia PTX. Tier 3. No builds available.
- Fix backtraces on i686-pc-windows-gnu by disabling FPO
- Uninhabitable enums (those without any variants) no longer permit wildcard match patterns
- In this release, references to uninhabited types can not be pattern-matched. This was accidentally allowed in 1.15.
- The compiler's
dead_code
lint now accounts for type aliases. - Ctrl-Z returns from
Stdin.read()
when reading from the console on Windows - Clean up semantics of
self
in an import list - Reimplemented lifetime elision. This change was almost entirely compatible with existing code, but it did close a number of small bugs and loopholes, as well as being more accepting in some other cases.
- Basic procedural macros allowing custom
#[derive]
, aka "macros 1.1", are stable. This allows popular code-generating crates like Serde and Diesel to work ergonomically. RFC 1681. - Tuple structs may be empty. Unary and empty tuple structs may be instantiated with curly braces. Part of RFC 1506.
- A number of minor changes to name resolution have been activated.
They add up to more consistent semantics, allowing for future evolution of
Rust macros. Specified in RFC 1560, see its section on "changes" for
details of what is different. The breaking changes here have been transitioned
through the
legacy_imports
lint since 1.14, with no known regressions. - In
macro_rules
,path
fragments can now be parsed as type parameter bounds ?Sized
can be used inwhere
clauses- There is now a limit on the size of monomorphized types and it can be
modified with the
#![type_size_limit]
crate attribute, similarly to the#![recursion_limit]
attribute
- On Windows, the compiler will apply dllimport attributes when linking to extern functions. Additional attributes and flags can control which library kind is linked and its name. RFC 1717.
- Rust-ABI symbols are no longer exported from cdylibs
- The
--test
flag works with procedural macro crates - Fix
extern "aapcs" fn
ABI - The
-C no-stack-check
flag is deprecated. It does nothing. - The
format!
expander recognizes incorrectprintf
and shell-style formatting directives and suggests the correct format. - Only report one error for all unused imports in an import list
- Avoid unnecessary
mk_ty
calls inTy::super_fold_with
- Avoid more unnecessary
mk_ty
calls inTy::super_fold_with
- Don't clone in
UnificationTable::probe
- Remove
scope_auxiliary
to cut RSS by 10% - Use small vectors in type walker
- Macro expansion performance was improved
- Change
HirVec<P<T>>
toHirVec<T>
inhir::Expr
- Replace FNV with a faster hash function
std::iter::Iterator::min_by
std::iter::Iterator::max_by
std::os::*::fs::FileExt
std::sync::atomic::Atomic*::get_mut
std::sync::atomic::Atomic*::into_inner
std::vec::IntoIter::as_slice
std::vec::IntoIter::as_mut_slice
std::sync::mpsc::Receiver::try_iter
std::os::unix::process::CommandExt::before_exec
std::rc::Rc::strong_count
std::rc::Rc::weak_count
std::sync::Arc::strong_count
std::sync::Arc::weak_count
std::char::encode_utf8
std::char::encode_utf16
std::cell::Ref::clone
std::io::Take::into_inner
- The standard sorting algorithm has been rewritten for dramatic performance improvements. It is a hybrid merge sort, drawing influences from Timsort. Previously it was a naive merge sort.
Iterator::nth
no longer has aSized
boundExtend<&T>
is specialized forVec
whereT: Copy
to improve performance.chars().count()
is much faster and so arechars().last()
andchar_indices().last()
- Fix ARM Objective-C ABI in
std::env::args
- Chinese characters display correctly in
fmt::Debug
- Derive
Default
forDuration
- Support creation of anonymous pipes on WinXP/2k
mpsc::RecvTimeoutError
implementsError
- Don't pass overlapped handles to processes
- In this release, Cargo build scripts no longer have access to the
OUT_DIR
environment variable at build time viaenv!("OUT_DIR")
. They should instead check the variable at runtime withstd::env
. That the value was set at build time was a bug, and incorrect when cross-compiling. This change is known to cause breakage. - Add
--all
flag tocargo test
- Compile statically against the MSVC CRT
- Mix feature flags into fingerprint/metadata shorthash
- Link OpenSSL statically on OSX
- Apply new fingerprinting to build dir outputs
- Test for bad path overrides with summaries
- Require
cargo install --vers
to take a semver version - Fix retrying crate downloads for network errors
- Implement string lookup for
build.rustflags
config key - Emit more info on --message-format=json
- Assume
build.rs
in the same directory asCargo.toml
is a build script - Don't ignore errors in workspace manifest
- Fix
--message-format JSON
when rustc emits non-JSON warnings
- Test runners (binaries built with
--test
) now support a--list
argument that lists the tests it contains - Test runners now support a
--exact
argument that makes the test filter match exactly, instead of matching only a substring of the test name - rustdoc supports a
--playground-url
flag - rustdoc provides more details about
#[should_panic]
errors
- The Rust build system is now written in Rust. The Makefiles may
continue to be used in this release by passing
--disable-rustbuild
to the configure script, but they will be deleted soon. Note that the new build system uses a different on-disk layout that will likely affect any scripts building Rust. - Rust supports i686-unknown-openbsd. Tier 3 support. No testing or releases.
- Rust supports the MSP430. Tier 3 support. No testing or releases.
- Rust supports the ARMv5TE architecture. Tier 3 support. No testing or releases.
- A number of minor changes to name resolution have been activated.
They add up to more consistent semantics, allowing for future evolution of
Rust macros. Specified in RFC 1560, see its section on "changes" for
details of what is different. The breaking changes here have been transitioned
through the
legacy_imports
lint since 1.14, with no known regressions. - In this release, Cargo build scripts no longer have access to the
OUT_DIR
environment variable at build time viaenv!("OUT_DIR")
. They should instead check the variable at runtime withstd::env
. That the value was set at build time was a bug, and incorrect when cross-compiling. This change is known to cause breakage. - Higher-ranked lifetimes are no longer allowed to appear only in associated
types. The
hr_lifetime_in_assoc_type
lint has been a warning since 1.10 and is now an error by default. It will become a hard error in the near future. - The semantics relating modules to file system directories are changing in
minor ways. This is captured in the new
legacy_directory_ownership
lint, which is a warning in this release, and will become a hard error in the future. - Rust-ABI symbols are no longer exported from cdylibs
- Once
Peekable
peeks aNone
it will return thatNone
without re-querying the underlying iterator
..
matches multiple tuple fields in enum variants, structs and tuples. RFC 1492.- Safe
fn
items can be coerced tounsafe fn
pointers use *
anduse ::*
both glob-import from the crate root- It's now possible to call a
Vec<Box<Fn()>>
without explicit dereferencing
- Mark enums with non-zero discriminant as non-zero
- Lower-case
static mut
names are linted like other statics and consts - Fix ICE on some macros in const integer positions
(e.g.
[u8; m!()]
) - Improve error message and snippet for "did you mean
x
" - Add a panic-strategy field to the target specification
- Include LLVM version in
--version --verbose
- Improve macro expansion performance
- Shrink
Expr_::ExprInlineAsm
- Replace all uses of SHA-256 with BLAKE2b
- Reduce the number of bytes hashed by
IchHasher
- Avoid more allocations when compiling html5ever
- Use
SmallVector
inCombineFields::instantiate
- Avoid some allocations in the macro parser
- Use a faster deflate setting
- Add
ArrayVec
andAccumulateVec
to reduce heap allocations during interning of slices - Optimize
write_metadata
- Don't process obligation forest cycles when stalled
- Avoid many
CrateConfig
clones - Optimize
Substs::super_fold_with
- Optimize
ObligationForest
'sNodeState
handling - Speed up
plug_leaks
println!()
, with no arguments, prints newline. Previously, an empty string was required to achieve the same.Wrapping
impls standard binary and unary operators, as well as theSum
andProduct
iterators- Implement
From<Cow<str>> for String
andFrom<Cow<[T]>> for Vec<T>
- Improve
fold
performance forchain
,cloned
,map
, andVecDeque
iterators - Improve
SipHasher
performance on small values - Add Iterator trait TrustedLen to enable better FromIterator / Extend
- Expand
.zip()
specialization to.map()
and.cloned()
ReadDir
implementsDebug
- Implement
RefUnwindSafe
for atomic types - Specialize
Vec::extend
toVec::extend_from_slice
- Avoid allocations in
Decoder::read_str
io::Error
implementsFrom<io::ErrorKind>
- Impl
Debug
for raw pointers to unsized data - Don't reuse
HashMap
random seeds - The internal memory layout of
HashMap
is more cache-friendly, for significant improvements in some operations HashMap
uses less memory on 32-bit architectures- Impl
Add<{str, Cow<str>}>
forCow<str>
- Expose rustc cfg values to build scripts
- Allow cargo to work with read-only
CARGO_HOME
- Fix passing --features when testing multiple packages
- Use a single profile set per workspace
- Load
replace
sections from lock files - Ignore
panic
configuration for test/bench profiles
- rustup is the recommended Rust installation method
- This release includes host (rustc) builds for Linux on MIPS, PowerPC, and
S390x. These are tier 2 platforms and may have major defects. Follow the
instructions on the website to install, or add the targets to an existing
installation with
rustup target add
. The new target triples are:mips-unknown-linux-gnu
mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu
mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64
mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64
powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu
powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu
powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu
s390x-unknown-linux-gnu
- This release includes target (std) builds for ARM Linux running MUSL
libc. These are tier 2 platforms and may have major defects. Add the
following triples to an existing rustup installation with
rustup target add
:arm-unknown-linux-musleabi
arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf
armv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf
- This release includes experimental support for WebAssembly, via
the
wasm32-unknown-emscripten
target. This target is known to have major defects. Please test, report, and fix. - rustup no longer installs documentation by default. Run
rustup component add rust-docs
to install. - Fix line stepping in debugger
- Enable line number debuginfo in releases
- Disable jemalloc on aarch64/powerpc/mips
- Add support for Fuchsia OS
- Detect local-rebuild by only MAJOR.MINOR version
- A number of forward-compatibility lints used by the compiler
to gradually introduce language changes have been converted
to deny by default:
- "use of inaccessible extern crate erroneously allowed"
- "type parameter default erroneously allowed in invalid location"
- "detects super or self keywords at the beginning of global path"
- "two overlapping inherent impls define an item with the same name were erroneously allowed"
- "floating-point constants cannot be used in patterns"
- "constants of struct or enum type can only be used in a pattern if
the struct or enum has
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
" - "lifetimes or labels named
'_
were erroneously allowed"
- Prohibit patterns in trait methods without bodies
- The atomic
Ordering
enum may not be matched exhaustively - Future-proofing
#[no_link]
breaks some obscure cases - The
$crate
macro variable is accepted in fewer locations - Impls specifying extra region requirements beyond the trait they implement are rejected
- Enums may not be unsized. Unsized enums are intended to work but never have. For now they are forbidden.
- Enforce the shadowing restrictions from RFC 1560 for today's macros
- Stabilize the
?
operator.?
is a simple way to propagate errors, like thetry!
macro, described in RFC 0243. - Stabilize macros in type position. Described in RFC 873.
- Stabilize attributes on statements. Described in RFC 0016.
- Fix
#[derive]
for empty tuple structs/variants - Fix lifetime rules for 'if' conditions
- Avoid loading and parsing unconfigured non-inline modules
- Add the
-C link-arg
argument - Remove the old AST-based backend from rustc_trans
- Don't enable NEON by default on armv7 Linux
- Fix debug line number info for macro expansions
- Do not emit "class method" debuginfo for types that are not DICompositeType
- Warn about multiple conflicting #[repr] hints
- When sizing DST, don't double-count nested struct prefixes
- Default RUST_MIN_STACK to 16MiB for now
- Improve rlib metadata format. Reduces rlib size significantly.
- Reject macros with empty repetitions to avoid infinite loop
- Expand macros without recursing to avoid stack overflows
- Replace macro backtraces with labeled local uses
- Improve error message for misplaced doc comments
- Buffer unix and lock windows to prevent message interleaving
- Update lifetime errors to specifically note temporaries
- Special case a few colors for Windows
- Suggest
use self
when such an import resolves - Be more specific when type parameter shadows primitive type
- Many minor improvements
- Compute and cache HIR hashes at beginning
- Don't hash types in loan paths
- Cache projections in trans
- Optimize the parser's last token handling
- Only instantiate #[inline] functions in codegen units referencing them. This leads to big improvements in cases where crates export define many inline functions without using them directly.
- Lazily allocate TypedArena's first chunk
- Don't allocate during default HashSet creation
- Add
assert_ne!
anddebug_assert_ne!
- Make
vec_deque::Drain
,hash_map::Drain
, andhash_set::Drain
covariant - Implement
AsRef<[T]>
forstd::slice::Iter
- Implement
Debug
forstd::vec::IntoIter
CString
: avoid excessive growth just to 0-terminate- Implement
CoerceUnsized
for{Cell, RefCell, UnsafeCell}
- Use arc4rand on FreeBSD
- memrchr: Correct aligned offset computation
- Improve Demangling of Rust Symbols
- Use monotonic time in condition variables
- Implement
Debug
forstd::path::{Components,Iter}
- Implement conversion traits for
char
- Fix illegal instruction caused by overflow in channel cloning
- Zero first byte of CString on drop
- Inherit overflow checks for sum and product
- Add missing Eq implementations
- Implement
Debug
forDirEntry
- When
getaddrinfo
returnsEAI_SYSTEM
retrieve actual error fromerrno
SipHasher
is deprecated. UseDefaultHasher
.- Implement more traits for
std::io::ErrorKind
- Optimize BinaryHeap bounds checking
- Work around pointer aliasing issue in
Vec::extend_from_slice
,extend_with_element
- Fix overflow checking in unsigned pow()
- This release includes security fixes to both curl and OpenSSL.
- Fix transitive doctests when panic=abort
- Add --all-features flag to cargo
- Reject path-based dependencies in
cargo package
- Don't parse the home directory more than once
- Don't try to generate Cargo.lock on empty workspaces
- Update OpenSSL to 1.0.2j
- Add license and license_file to cargo metadata output
- Make crates-io registry URL optional in config; ignore all changes to source.crates-io
- Don't download dependencies from other platforms
- Build transitive dev-dependencies when needed
- Add support for per-target rustflags in .cargo/config
- Avoid updating registry when adding existing deps
- Warn about path overrides that won't work
- Use workspaces during
cargo install
- Leak mspdbsrv.exe processes on Windows
- Add --message-format flag
- Pass target environment for rustdoc
- Use
CommandExt::exec
forcargo run
on Unix - Update curl and curl-sys
- Call rustdoc test with the correct cfg flags of a package
- rustdoc: Add the
--sysroot
argument - rustdoc: Fix a couple of issues with the search results
- rustdoc: remove the
!
from macro URLs and titles - gdb: Fix pretty-printing special-cased Rust types
- rustdoc: Filter more incorrect methods inherited through Deref
- Remove unmaintained style guide
- Add s390x support
- Initial work at Haiku OS support
- Add mips-uclibc targets
- Crate-ify compiler-rt into compiler-builtins
- Add rustc version info (git hash + date) to dist tarball
- Many documentation improvements
SipHasher
is deprecated. UseDefaultHasher
.- Deny (by default) transmuting from fn item types to pointer-sized types. Continuing the long transition to zero-sized fn items, per RFC 401.
- Fix
#[derive]
for empty tuple structs/variants. Part of RFC 1506. - Issue deprecation warnings for safe accesses to extern statics
- Fix lifetime rules for 'if' conditions.
- Inherit overflow checks for sum and product.
- Forbid user-defined macros named "macro_rules".
- ICE: 'rustc' panicked at 'assertion failed: concrete_substs.is_normalized_for_trans()' #36381
- Confusion with double negation and booleans
- rustc 1.12.0 fails with SIGSEGV in release mode (syn crate 0.8.0)
- Rustc 1.12.0 Windows build of
ethcore
crate fails with LLVM error - 1.12.0: High memory usage when linking in release mode with debug info
- Corrupted memory after updated to 1.12
- "Let NullaryConstructor = something;" causes internal compiler error: "tried to overwrite interned AdtDef"
- Fix ICE: inject bitcast if types mismatch for invokes/calls/stores
- debuginfo: Handle spread_arg case in MIR-trans in a more stable way.
rustc
translates code to LLVM IR via its own "middle" IR (MIR). This translation pass is far simpler than the previous AST->LLVM pass, and creates opportunities to perform new optimizations directly on the MIR. It was previously described on the Rust blog.rustc
presents a new, more readable error format, along with machine-readable JSON error output for use by IDEs. Most common editors supporting Rust have been updated to work with it. It was previously described on the Rust blog.
rustc
translates code to LLVM IR via its own "middle" IR (MIR). This translation pass is far simpler than the previous AST->LLVM pass, and creates opportunities to perform new optimizations directly on the MIR. It was previously described on the Rust blog.- Print the Rust target name, not the LLVM target name, with
--print target-list
- The computation of
TypeId
is correct in some cases where it was previously producing inconsistent results - The
mips-unknown-linux-gnu
target uses hardware floating point by default - The
rustc
arguments,--print target-cpus
,--print target-features
,--print relocation-models
, and--print code-models
print the available options to the-C target-cpu
,-C target-feature
,-C relocation-model
and-C code-model
code generation arguments rustc
supports three new MUSL targets on ARM:arm-unknown-linux-musleabi
,arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf
, andarmv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf
. These targets produce statically-linked binaries. There are no binary release builds yet though.
rustc
presents a new, more readable error format, along with machine-readable JSON error output for use by IDEs. Most common editors supporting Rust have been updated to work with it. It was previously described on the Rust blog.- In error descriptions, references are now described in plain English, instead of as "&-ptr"
- In error type descriptions, unknown numeric types are named
{integer}
or{float}
instead of_
rustc
emits a clearer error when inner attributes follow a doc comment
macro_rules!
invocations can be made withinmacro_rules!
invocationsmacro_rules!
meta-variables are hygienicmacro_rules!
tt
matchers can be reparsed correctly, making them much more usefulmacro_rules!
stmt
matchers correctly consume the entire contents when inside non-braces invocations- Semicolons are properly required as statement delimiters inside
macro_rules!
invocations cfg_attr
works onpath
attributes
Cell::as_ptr
RefCell::as_ptr
IpAddr::is_unspecified
IpAddr::is_loopback
IpAddr::is_multicast
Ipv4Addr::is_unspecified
Ipv6Addr::octets
LinkedList::contains
VecDeque::contains
ExitStatusExt::from_raw
. Both on Unix and Windows.Receiver::recv_timeout
RecvTimeoutError
BinaryHeap::peek_mut
PeekMut
iter::Product
iter::Sum
OccupiedEntry::remove_entry
VacantEntry::into_key
- The
format!
macro and friends now allow a single argument to be formatted in multiple styles - The lifetime bounds on
[T]::binary_search_by
and[T]::binary_search_by_key
have been adjusted to be more flexible Option
implementsFrom
for its contained typeCell
,RefCell
andUnsafeCell
implementFrom
for their contained typeRwLock
panics if the reader count overflowsvec_deque::Drain
,hash_map::Drain
andhash_set::Drain
are covariantvec::Drain
andbinary_heap::Drain
are covariantCow<str>
implementsFromIterator
forchar
,&str
andString
- Sockets on Linux are correctly closed in subprocesses via
SOCK_CLOEXEC
hash_map::Entry
,hash_map::VacantEntry
andhash_map::OccupiedEntry
implementDebug
btree_map::Entry
,btree_map::VacantEntry
andbtree_map::OccupiedEntry
implementDebug
String
implementsAddAssign
- Variadic
extern fn
pointers implement theClone
,PartialEq
,Eq
,PartialOrd
,Ord
,Hash
,fmt::Pointer
, andfmt::Debug
traits FileType
implementsDebug
- References to
Mutex
andRwLock
are unwind-safe mpsc::sync_channel
Receiver
s return any available message before reporting a disconnect- Unicode definitions have been updated to 9.0
env
iterators implementDoubleEndedIterator
- Support local mirrors of registries
- Add support for command aliases
- Allow
opt-level="s"
/opt-level="z"
in profile overrides - Make
cargo doc --open --target
work as expected - Speed up noop registry updates
- Update OpenSSL
- Fix
--panic=abort
with plugins - Always pass
-C metadata
to the compiler - Fix depending on git repos with workspaces
- Add a
--lib
flag tocargo new
- Add
http.cainfo
for custom certs - Indicate the compilation profile after compiling
- Allow enabling features for dependencies with
--features
- Add
--jobs
flag tocargo package
- Add
--dry-run
tocargo publish
- Add support for
RUSTDOCFLAGS
panic::catch_unwind
is more optimizedpanic::catch_unwind
no longer accesses thread-local storage on entry
- Test binaries now support a
--test-threads
argument to specify the number of threads used to run tests, and which acts the same as theRUST_TEST_THREADS
environment variable - The test runner now emits a warning when tests run over 60 seconds
- rustdoc: Fix methods in search results
rust-lldb
warns about unsupported versions of LLDB- Rust releases now come with source packages that can be installed by rustup
via
rustup component add rust-src
. The resulting source code can be used by tools and IDES, located in the sysroot underlib/rustlib/src
.
- The compiler can now be built against LLVM 3.9
- Many minor improvements to the documentation.
- The Rust exception handling "personality" routine is now written in Rust
- When printing Windows
OsStr
s, unpaired surrogate codepoints are escaped with the lowercase format instead of the uppercase - When formatting strings, if "precision" is specified, the "fill", "align" and "width" specifiers are no longer ignored
- The
Debug
impl for strings no longer escapes all non-ASCII characters
cfg_attr
works onpath
attributes- Support nested
cfg_attr
attributes - Allow statement-generating braced macro invocations at the end of blocks
- Macros can be expanded inside of trait definitions
#[macro_use]
works properly when it is itself expanded from a macro
BinaryHeap::append
BTreeMap::append
BTreeMap::split_off
BTreeSet::append
BTreeSet::split_off
f32::to_degrees
(in libcore - previously stabilized in libstd)f32::to_radians
(in libcore - previously stabilized in libstd)f64::to_degrees
(in libcore - previously stabilized in libstd)f64::to_radians
(in libcore - previously stabilized in libstd)Iterator::sum
Iterator::product
Cell::get_mut
RefCell::get_mut
- The
thread_local!
macro supports multiple definitions in a single invocation, and can apply attributes Cow
implementsDefault
Wrapping
implements binary, octal, lower-hex and upper-hexDisplay
formatting- The range types implement
Hash
lookup_host
ignores unknown address typesassert_eq!
accepts a custom error message, likeassert!
does- The main thread is now called "main" instead of "<main>"
- Disallow specifying features of transitive deps
- Add color support for Windows consoles
- Fix
harness = false
on[lib]
sections - Don't panic when
links
contains a '.' - Build scripts can emit warnings,
and
-vv
prints warnings for all crates. - Ignore file locks on OS X NFS mounts
- Don't warn about
package.metadata
keys. This provides room for expansion by arbitrary tools. - Add support for cdylib crate types
- Prevent publishing crates when files are dirty
- Don't fetch all crates on clean
- Propagate --color option to rustc
- Fix
cargo doc --open
on Windows - Improve autocompletion
- Configure colors of stderr as well as stdout
- Caching projections speeds up type check dramatically for some workloads
- The default
HashMap
hasher is SipHash 1-3 instead of SipHash 2-4 This hasher is faster, but is believed to provide sufficient protection from collision attacks. - Comparison of
Ipv4Addr
is 10x faster
- Fix empty implementation section on some module pages
- Fix inlined renamed re-exports in import lists
- Fix search result layout for enum variants and struct fields
- Fix issues with source links to external crates
- Fix redirect pages for renamed re-exports
- rustc is better at finding the MSVC toolchain
- When emitting debug info, rustc emits frame pointers for closures, shims and glue, as it does for all other functions
- rust-lldb warns about unsupported versions of LLDB
- Many more errors have been given error codes and extended explanations
- API documentation continues to be improved, with many new examples
- rustc no longer hangs when dependencies recursively re-export submodules
- rustc requires LLVM 3.7+
- The 'How Safe and Unsafe Interact' chapter of The Rustonomicon was rewritten
- rustc support 16-bit pointer sizes. No targets use this yet, but it works toward AVR support.
const
s andstatic
s may not have unsized types- The new follow-set rules that place restrictions on
macro_rules!
in order to ensure syntax forward-compatibility have been enabled This was an amendment to RFC 550, and has been a warning since 1.10. cfg
attribute process has been refactored to fix various bugs. This causes breakage in some corner cases.
- Allow
concat_idents!
in type positions as well as in expression positions. Copy
types are required to have a trivial implementation ofClone
. RFC 1521.- Single-variant enums support the
#[repr(..)]
attribute. - Fix
#[derive(RustcEncodable)]
in the presence of otherencode
methods. panic!
can be converted to a runtime abort with the-C panic=abort
flag. RFC 1513.- Add a new crate type, 'cdylib'. cdylibs are dynamic libraries suitable for loading by non-Rust hosts. RFC 1510. Note that Cargo does not yet directly support cdylibs.
os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt::access_mode
os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt::share_mode
os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt::custom_flags
os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt::attributes
os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt::security_qos_flags
os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt::custom_flags
sync::Weak::new
Default for sync::Weak
panic::set_hook
panic::take_hook
panic::PanicInfo
panic::PanicInfo::payload
panic::PanicInfo::location
panic::Location
panic::Location::file
panic::Location::line
ffi::CStr::from_bytes_with_nul
ffi::CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked
ffi::FromBytesWithNulError
fs::Metadata::modified
fs::Metadata::accessed
fs::Metadata::created
sync::atomic::Atomic{Usize,Isize,Bool,Ptr}::compare_exchange
sync::atomic::Atomic{Usize,Isize,Bool,Ptr}::compare_exchange_weak
collections::{btree,hash}_map::{Occupied,Vacant,}Entry::key
os::unix::net::{UnixStream, UnixListener, UnixDatagram, SocketAddr}
SocketAddr::is_unnamed
SocketAddr::as_pathname
UnixStream::connect
UnixStream::pair
UnixStream::try_clone
UnixStream::local_addr
UnixStream::peer_addr
UnixStream::set_read_timeout
UnixStream::set_write_timeout
UnixStream::read_timeout
UnixStream::write_timeout
UnixStream::set_nonblocking
UnixStream::take_error
UnixStream::shutdown
- Read/Write/RawFd impls for
UnixStream
UnixListener::bind
UnixListener::accept
UnixListener::try_clone
UnixListener::local_addr
UnixListener::set_nonblocking
UnixListener::take_error
UnixListener::incoming
- RawFd impls for
UnixListener
UnixDatagram::bind
UnixDatagram::unbound
UnixDatagram::pair
UnixDatagram::connect
UnixDatagram::try_clone
UnixDatagram::local_addr
UnixDatagram::peer_addr
UnixDatagram::recv_from
UnixDatagram::recv
UnixDatagram::send_to
UnixDatagram::send
UnixDatagram::set_read_timeout
UnixDatagram::set_write_timeout
UnixDatagram::read_timeout
UnixDatagram::write_timeout
UnixDatagram::set_nonblocking
UnixDatagram::take_error
UnixDatagram::shutdown
- RawFd impls for
UnixDatagram
{BTree,Hash}Map::values_mut
<[_]>::binary_search_by_key
- The
abs_sub
method of floats is deprecated. The semantics of this minor method are subtle and probably not what most people want. - Add implementation of Ord for Cell and RefCell where T: Ord.
- On Linux, if
HashMap
s can't be initialized withgetrandom
they will fall back to/dev/urandom
temporarily to avoid blocking during early boot. - Implemented negation for wrapping numerals.
- Implement
Clone
forbinary_heap::IntoIter
. - Implement
Display
andHash
forstd::num::Wrapping
. - Add
Default
implementation for&CStr
,CString
. - Implement
From<Vec<T>>
andInto<Vec<T>>
forVecDeque<T>
. - Implement
Default
forUnsafeCell
,fmt::Error
,Condvar
,Mutex
,RwLock
.
- Cargo.toml supports the
profile.*.panic
option. This controls the runtime behavior of thepanic!
macro and can be either "unwind" (the default), or "abort". RFC 1513. - Don't throw away errors with
-p
arguments. - Report status to stderr instead of stdout.
- Build scripts are passed a
CARGO_MANIFEST_LINKS
environment variable that corresponds to thelinks
field of the manifest. - Ban keywords from crate names.
- Canonicalize
CARGO_HOME
on Windows. - Retry network requests.
By default they are retried twice, which can be customized with the
net.retry
value in.cargo/config
. - Don't print extra error info for failing subcommands.
- Add
--force
flag tocargo install
. - Don't use
flock
on NFS mounts. - Prefer building
cargo install
artifacts in temporary directories. Makes it possible to install multiple crates in parallel. - Add
cargo test --doc
. - Add
cargo --explain
. - Don't print warnings when
-q
is passed. - Add
cargo doc --lib
and--bin
. - Don't require build script output to be UTF-8.
- Correctly attempt multiple git usernames.
- rustc memory usage was reduced by refactoring the context used for type checking.
- Speed up creation of
HashMap
s by caching the random keys used to initialize the hash state. - The
find
implementation forChain
iterators is 2x faster. - Trait selection optimizations speed up type checking by 15%.
- Efficient trie lookup for boolean Unicode properties. 10x faster than the previous lookup tables.
- Special case
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
to avoid bloat.
- Many incremental improvements to documentation and rustdoc.
- rustdoc: List blanket trait impls.
- rustdoc: Clean up ABI rendering.
- Indexing with the wrong type produces a more informative error.
- Improve diagnostics for constants being used in irrefutable patterns.
- When many method candidates are in scope limit the suggestions to 10.
- Remove confusing suggestion when calling a
fn
type. - Do not suggest changing
&mut self
to&mut mut self
.
- Update i686-linux-android features to match Android ABI.
- Update aarch64-linux-android features to match Android ABI.
std
no longer prints backtraces on platforms where the running module must be loaded withenv::current_exe
, which can't be relied on.- This release includes std binaries for the i586-unknown-linux-gnu, i686-unknown-linux-musl, and armv7-linux-androideabi targets. The i586 target is for old x86 hardware without SSE2, and the armv7 target is for Android running on modern ARM architectures.
- The
rust-gdb
andrust-lldb
scripts are distributed on all Unix platforms. - On Unix the runtime aborts by calling
libc::abort
instead of generating an illegal instruction. - Rust is now bootstrapped from the previous release of Rust, instead of a snapshot from an arbitrary commit.
AtomicBool
is now bool-sized, not word-sized.target_env
for Linux ARM targets is justgnu
, notgnueabihf
,gnueabi
, etc.- Consistently panic on overflow in
Duration::new
. - Change
String::truncate
to panic less. - Add
:block
to the follow set for:ty
and:path
. Affects how macros are parsed. - Fix macro hygiene bug.
- Feature-gated attributes on macro-generated macro invocations are now rejected.
- Suppress fallback and ambiguity errors during type inference. This caused some minor changes to type inference.
- The
#[deprecated]
attribute when applied to an API will generate warnings when used. The warnings may be suppressed with#[allow(deprecated)]
. RFC 1270. fn
item types are zero sized, and eachfn
names a unique type. This will break code that transmutesfn
s, so callingtransmute
on afn
type will generate a warning for a few cycles, then will be converted to an error.- Field and method resolution understand visibility, so private fields and methods cannot prevent the proper use of public fields and methods.
- The parser considers unicode codepoints in the
PATTERN_WHITE_SPACE
category to be whitespace.
std::panic
std::panic::catch_unwind
(renamed fromrecover
)std::panic::resume_unwind
(renamed frompropagate
)std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe
(renamed fromAssertRecoverSafe
)std::panic::UnwindSafe
(renamed fromRecoverSafe
)str::is_char_boundary
<*const T>::as_ref
<*mut T>::as_ref
<*mut T>::as_mut
AsciiExt::make_ascii_uppercase
AsciiExt::make_ascii_lowercase
char::decode_utf16
char::DecodeUtf16
char::DecodeUtf16Error
char::DecodeUtf16Error::unpaired_surrogate
BTreeSet::take
BTreeSet::replace
BTreeSet::get
HashSet::take
HashSet::replace
HashSet::get
OsString::with_capacity
OsString::clear
OsString::capacity
OsString::reserve
OsString::reserve_exact
OsStr::is_empty
OsStr::len
std::os::unix::thread
RawPthread
JoinHandleExt
JoinHandleExt::as_pthread_t
JoinHandleExt::into_pthread_t
HashSet::hasher
HashMap::hasher
CommandExt::exec
File::try_clone
SocketAddr::set_ip
SocketAddr::set_port
SocketAddrV4::set_ip
SocketAddrV4::set_port
SocketAddrV6::set_ip
SocketAddrV6::set_port
SocketAddrV6::set_flowinfo
SocketAddrV6::set_scope_id
slice::copy_from_slice
ptr::read_volatile
ptr::write_volatile
OpenOptions::create_new
TcpStream::set_nodelay
TcpStream::nodelay
TcpStream::set_ttl
TcpStream::ttl
TcpStream::set_only_v6
TcpStream::only_v6
TcpStream::take_error
TcpStream::set_nonblocking
TcpListener::set_ttl
TcpListener::ttl
TcpListener::set_only_v6
TcpListener::only_v6
TcpListener::take_error
TcpListener::set_nonblocking
UdpSocket::set_broadcast
UdpSocket::broadcast
UdpSocket::set_multicast_loop_v4
UdpSocket::multicast_loop_v4
UdpSocket::set_multicast_ttl_v4
UdpSocket::multicast_ttl_v4
UdpSocket::set_multicast_loop_v6
UdpSocket::multicast_loop_v6
UdpSocket::set_multicast_ttl_v6
UdpSocket::multicast_ttl_v6
UdpSocket::set_ttl
UdpSocket::ttl
UdpSocket::set_only_v6
UdpSocket::only_v6
UdpSocket::join_multicast_v4
UdpSocket::join_multicast_v6
UdpSocket::leave_multicast_v4
UdpSocket::leave_multicast_v6
UdpSocket::take_error
UdpSocket::connect
UdpSocket::send
UdpSocket::recv
UdpSocket::set_nonblocking
std::sync::Once
is poisoned if its initialization function fails.cell::Ref
andcell::RefMut
can contain unsized types.- Most types implement
fmt::Debug
. - The default buffer size used by
BufReader
andBufWriter
was reduced to 8K, from 64K. This is in line with the buffer size used by other languages. Instant
,SystemTime
andDuration
implement+=
and-=
.Duration
additionally implements*=
and/=
.Skip
is aDoubleEndedIterator
.From<[u8; 4]>
is implemented forIpv4Addr
.Chain
implementsBufRead
.HashMap
,HashSet
and iterators are covariant.
- Cargo can now run concurrently.
- Top-level overrides allow specific revisions of crates to be overridden through the entire crate graph. This is intended to make upgrades easier for large projects, by allowing crates to be forked temporarily until they've been upgraded and republished.
- Cargo exports a
CARGO_PKG_AUTHORS
environment variable. - Cargo will pass the contents of the
RUSTFLAGS
variable torustc
on the commandline.rustc
arguments can also be specified in thebuild.rustflags
configuration key.
- The time complexity of comparing variables for equivalence during type unification is reduced from O(n!) to O(n). This leads to major compilation time improvement in some scenarios.
ToString
is specialized forstr
, giving it the same performance asto_owned
.- Spawning processes with
Command::output
no longer creates extra threads. #[derive(PartialEq)]
and#[derive(PartialOrd)]
emit less code for C-like enums.
- Passing the
--quiet
flag to a test runner will produce much-abbreviated output. - The Rust Project now publishes std binaries for the
mips-unknown-linux-musl
,mipsel-unknown-linux-musl
, andi586-pc-windows-msvc
targets.
std::sync::Once
is poisoned if its initialization function fails.- It is illegal to define methods with the same name in overlapping
inherent
impl
blocks. fn
item types are zero sized, and eachfn
names a unique type. This will break code that transmutesfn
s, so callingtransmute
on afn
type will generate a warning for a few cycles, then will be converted to an error.- Improvements to const evaluation may trigger new errors when integer literals are out of range.
- Rust supports overloading of compound assignment statements like
+=
by implementing theAddAssign
,SubAssign
,MulAssign
,DivAssign
,RemAssign
,BitAndAssign
,BitOrAssign
,BitXorAssign
,ShlAssign
, orShrAssign
traits. RFC 953. - Empty structs can be defined with braces, as in
struct Foo { }
, in addition to the non-braced form,struct Foo;
. RFC 218.
- Stabilized APIs:
str::encode_utf16
(renamed fromutf16_units
)str::EncodeUtf16
(renamed fromUtf16Units
)Ref::map
RefMut::map
ptr::drop_in_place
time::Instant
time::SystemTime
Instant::now
Instant::duration_since
(renamed fromduration_from_earlier
)Instant::elapsed
SystemTime::now
SystemTime::duration_since
(renamed fromduration_from_earlier
)SystemTime::elapsed
- Various
Add
/Sub
impls forTime
andSystemTime
SystemTimeError
SystemTimeError::duration
- Various impls for
SystemTimeError
UNIX_EPOCH
AddAssign
,SubAssign
,MulAssign
,DivAssign
,RemAssign
,BitAndAssign
,BitOrAssign
,BitXorAssign
,ShlAssign
,ShrAssign
.
- The
write!
andwriteln!
macros correctly emit errors if any of their arguments can't be formatted. - Various I/O functions support large files on 32-bit Linux.
- The Unix-specific
raw
modules, which contain a number of redefined C types are deprecated, includingos::raw::unix
,os::raw::macos
, andos::raw::linux
. These modules defined types such asino_t
anddev_t
. The inconsistency of these definitions across platforms was making it difficult to implementstd
correctly. Those that need these definitions should use thelibc
crate. RFC 1415. - The Unix-specific
MetadataExt
traits, includingos::unix::fs::MetadataExt
, which expose values such as inode numbers no longer return platform-specific types, but instead return widened integers. RFC 1415. btree_set::{IntoIter, Iter, Range}
are covariant.- Atomic loads and stores are not volatile.
- All types in
sync::mpsc
implementfmt::Debug
.
- Inlining hash functions lead to a 3% compile-time improvement in some workloads.
- When using jemalloc, its symbols are unprefixed so that it overrides the libc malloc implementation. This means that for rustc, LLVM is now using jemalloc, which results in a 6% compile-time improvement on a specific workload.
- Avoid quadratic growth in function size due to cleanups.
- 32-bit MSVC builds finally implement unwinding. i686-pc-windows-msvc is now considered a tier-1 platform.
- The
--print targets
flag prints a list of supported targets. - The
--print cfg
flag prints thecfg
s defined for the current target. rustc
can be built with an new Cargo-based build system, written in Rust. It will eventually replace Rust's Makefile-based build system. To enable it configure withconfigure --rustbuild
.- Errors for non-exhaustive
match
patterns now list up to 3 missing variants while also indicating the total number of missing variants if more than 3. - Executable stacks are disabled on Linux and BSD.
- The Rust Project now publishes binary releases of the standard
library for a number of tier-2 targets:
armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
,powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu
,powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu
,powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu
x86_64-rumprun-netbsd
. These can be installed with tools such as multirust.
cargo init
creates a new Cargo project in the current directory. It is otherwise likecargo new
.- Cargo has configuration keys for
-v
and--color
.verbose
andcolor
, respectively, go in the[term]
section of.cargo/config
. - Configuration keys that evaluate to strings or integers can be set
via environment variables. For example the
build.jobs
key can be set viaCARGO_BUILD_JOBS
. Environment variables take precedence over config files. - Target-specific dependencies support Rust
cfg
syntax for describing targets so that dependencies for multiple targets can be specified together. RFC 1361. - The environment variables
CARGO_TARGET_ROOT
,RUSTC
, andRUSTDOC
take precedence over thebuild.target-dir
,build.rustc
, andbuild.rustdoc
configuration values. - The child process tree is killed on Windows when Cargo is killed.
- The
build.target
configuration value sets the target platform, like--target
.
- Unstable compiler flags have been further restricted. Since
1.0
-Z
flags have been considered unstable, and other flags that were considered unstable additionally required passing-Z unstable-options
to access. Unlike unstable language and library features though, these options have been accessible on the stable release channel. Going forward, new unstable flags will not be available on the stable release channel, and old unstable flags will warn about their usage. In the future, all unstable flags will be unavailable on the stable release channel. - It is no longer possible to
match
on empty enum variants using theVariant(..)
syntax. This has been a warning since 1.6. - The Unix-specific
MetadataExt
traits, includingos::unix::fs::MetadataExt
, which expose values such as inode numbers no longer return platform-specific types, but instead return widened integers. RFC 1415. - Modules sourced from the filesystem cannot appear within arbitrary blocks, but only within other modules.
--cfg
compiler flags are parsed strictly as identifiers.- On Unix, stack overflow triggers a runtime abort instead of a SIGSEGV.
Command::spawn
and its equivalents return an error if any of its command-line arguments contain interiorNUL
s.- Tuple and unit enum variants from other crates are in the type namespace.
- On Windows
rustc
emits.lib
files for thestaticlib
library type instead of.a
files. Additionally, for the MSVC toolchain,rustc
emits import libraries namedfoo.dll.lib
instead offoo.lib
.
- Stabilized APIs
Path
Path::strip_prefix
(renamed from relative_from)path::StripPrefixError
(new error type returned from strip_prefix)
Ipv4Addr
Ipv6Addr
Vec
String
- Slices
<[T]>::
clone_from_slice
, which now requires the two slices to be the same length<[T]>::
sort_by_key
- checked, saturated, and overflowing operations
i32::checked_rem
,i32::checked_neg
,i32::checked_shl
,i32::checked_shr
i32::saturating_mul
i32::overflowing_add
,i32::overflowing_sub
,i32::overflowing_mul
,i32::overflowing_div
i32::overflowing_rem
,i32::overflowing_neg
,i32::overflowing_shl
,i32::overflowing_shr
u32::checked_rem
,u32::checked_neg
,u32::checked_shl
,u32::checked_shl
u32::saturating_mul
u32::overflowing_add
,u32::overflowing_sub
,u32::overflowing_mul
,u32::overflowing_div
u32::overflowing_rem
,u32::overflowing_neg
,u32::overflowing_shl
,u32::overflowing_shr
- and checked, saturated, and overflowing operations for other primitive types
- FFI
ffi::IntoStringError
CString::into_string
CString::into_bytes
CString::into_bytes_with_nul
From<CString> for Vec<u8>
IntoStringError
IntoStringError::into_cstring
IntoStringError::utf8_error
Error for IntoStringError
- Hashing
- Validating UTF-8 is faster by a factor of between 7 and 14x for
ASCII input. This means that creating
String
s andstr
s from bytes is faster. - The performance of
LineWriter
(and thusio::stdout
) was improved by usingmemchr
to search for newlines. f32::to_degrees
andf32::to_radians
are stable. Thef64
variants were stabilized previously.BTreeMap
was rewritten to use less memory and improve the performance of insertion and iteration, the latter by as much as 5x.BTreeSet
and its iterators,Iter
,IntoIter
, andRange
are covariant over their contained type.LinkedList
and its iterators,Iter
andIntoIter
are covariant over their contained type.str::replace
now accepts aPattern
, like other string searching methods.Any
is implemented for unsized types.Hash
is implemented forDuration
.
- When running tests with
--test
, rustdoc will pass--cfg
arguments to the compiler. - The compiler is built with RPATH information by default.
This means that it will be possible to run
rustc
when installed in unusual configurations without configuring the dynamic linker search path explicitly. rustc
passes--enable-new-dtags
to GNU ld. This makes any RPATH entries (emitted with-C rpath
) not take precedence overLD_LIBRARY_PATH
.
cargo rustc
accepts a--profile
flag that runsrustc
under any of the compilation profiles, 'dev', 'bench', or 'test'.- The
rerun-if-changed
build script directive no longer causes the build script to incorrectly run twice in certain scenarios.
- Soundness fixes to the interactions between associated types and lifetimes, specified in RFC 1214, now generate errors for code that violates the new rules. This is a significant change that is known to break existing code, so it has emitted warnings for the new error cases since 1.4 to give crate authors time to adapt. The details of what is changing are subtle; read the RFC for more.
- Several bugs in the compiler's visibility calculations were
fixed. Since this was found to break significant amounts of
code, the new errors will be emitted as warnings for several release
cycles, under the
private_in_public
lint. - Defaulted type parameters were accidentally accepted in positions that were not intended. In this release, defaulted type parameters appearing outside of type definitions will generate a warning, which will become an error in future releases.
- Parsing "." as a float results in an error instead of 0.
That is,
".".parse::<f32>()
returnsErr
, notOk(0.0)
. - Borrows of closure parameters may not outlive the closure.
- The
#![no_std]
attribute causes a crate to not be linked to the standard library, but only the core library, as described in RFC 1184. The core library defines common types and traits but has no platform dependencies whatsoever, and is the basis for Rust software in environments that cannot support a full port of the standard library, such as operating systems. Most of the core library is now stable.
- Stabilized APIs:
Read::read_exact
,ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof
(renamed fromUnexpectedEOF
),fs::DirBuilder
,fs::DirBuilder::new
,fs::DirBuilder::recursive
,fs::DirBuilder::create
,os::unix::fs::DirBuilderExt
,os::unix::fs::DirBuilderExt::mode
,vec::Drain
,vec::Vec::drain
,string::Drain
,string::String::drain
,vec_deque::Drain
,vec_deque::VecDeque::drain
,collections::hash_map::Drain
,collections::hash_map::HashMap::drain
,collections::hash_set::Drain
,collections::hash_set::HashSet::drain
,collections::binary_heap::Drain
,collections::binary_heap::BinaryHeap::drain
,Vec::extend_from_slice
(renamed frompush_all
),Mutex::get_mut
,Mutex::into_inner
,RwLock::get_mut
,RwLock::into_inner
,Iterator::min_by_key
(renamed frommin_by
),Iterator::max_by_key
(renamed frommax_by
). - The core library is stable, as are most of its APIs.
- The
assert_eq!
macro supports arguments that don't implementSized
, such as arrays. In this way it behaves more likeassert!
. - Several timer functions that take duration in milliseconds are
deprecated in favor of those that take
Duration
. These includeCondvar::wait_timeout_ms
,thread::sleep_ms
, andthread::park_timeout_ms
. - The algorithm by which
Vec
reserves additional elements was tweaked to not allocate excessive space while still growing exponentially. From
conversions are implemented from integers to floats in cases where the conversion is lossless. Thus they are not implemented for 32-bit ints tof32
, nor for 64-bit ints tof32
orf64
. They are also not implemented forisize
andusize
because the implementations would be platform-specific.From
is also implemented fromf32
tof64
.From<&Path>
andFrom<PathBuf>
are implemented forCow<Path>
.From<T>
is implemented forBox<T>
,Rc<T>
andArc<T>
.IntoIterator
is implemented for&PathBuf
and&Path
.BinaryHeap
was refactored for modest performance improvements.- Sorting slices that are already sorted is 50% faster in some cases.
- Cargo will look in
$CARGO_HOME/bin
for subcommands by default. - Cargo build scripts can specify their dependencies by emitting the
rerun-if-changed
key. - crates.io will reject publication of crates with dependencies that have a wildcard version constraint. Crates with wildcard dependencies were seen to cause a variety of problems, as described in RFC 1241. Since 1.5 publication of such crates has emitted a warning.
cargo clean
accepts a--release
flag to clean the release folder. A variety of artifacts that Cargo failed to clean are now correctly deleted.
- The
unreachable_code
lint warns when a function call's argument diverges. - The parser indicates failures that may be caused by confusingly-similar Unicode characters
- Certain macro errors are reported at definition time, not expansion.
- The compiler no longer makes use of the
RUST_PATH
environment variable when locating crates. This was a pre-cargo feature for integrating with the package manager that was accidentally never removed. - A number of bugs were fixed in the privacy checker that could cause previously-accepted code to break.
- Modules and unit/tuple structs may not share the same name.
- Bugs in pattern matching unit structs were fixed. The tuple
struct pattern syntax (
Foo(..)
) can no longer be used to match unit structs. This is a warning now, but will become an error in future releases. Patterns that share the same name as a const are now an error. - A bug was fixed that causes rustc not to apply default type parameters when resolving certain method implementations of traits defined in other crates.
- ~700 changes, numerous bugfixes
- Stabilized APIs:
BinaryHeap::from
,BinaryHeap::into_sorted_vec
,BinaryHeap::into_vec
,Condvar::wait_timeout
,FileTypeExt::is_block_device
,FileTypeExt::is_char_device
,FileTypeExt::is_fifo
,FileTypeExt::is_socket
,FileTypeExt
,Formatter::alternate
,Formatter::fill
,Formatter::precision
,Formatter::sign_aware_zero_pad
,Formatter::sign_minus
,Formatter::sign_plus
,Formatter::width
,Iterator::cmp
,Iterator::eq
,Iterator::ge
,Iterator::gt
,Iterator::le
,Iterator::lt
,Iterator::ne
,Iterator::partial_cmp
,Path::canonicalize
,Path::exists
,Path::is_dir
,Path::is_file
,Path::metadata
,Path::read_dir
,Path::read_link
,Path::symlink_metadata
,Utf8Error::valid_up_to
,Vec::resize
,VecDeque::as_mut_slices
,VecDeque::as_slices
,VecDeque::insert
,VecDeque::shrink_to_fit
,VecDeque::swap_remove_back
,VecDeque::swap_remove_front
,slice::split_first_mut
,slice::split_first
,slice::split_last_mut
,slice::split_last
,char::from_u32_unchecked
,fs::canonicalize
,str::MatchIndices
,str::RMatchIndices
,str::match_indices
,str::rmatch_indices
,str::slice_mut_unchecked
,string::ParseError
. - Rust applications hosted on crates.io can be installed locally to
~/.cargo/bin
with thecargo install
command. Among other things this makes it easier to augment Cargo with new subcommands: when a binary named e.g.cargo-foo
is found in$PATH
it can be invoked ascargo foo
. - Crates with wildcard (
*
) dependencies will emit warnings when published. In 1.6 it will no longer be possible to publish crates with wildcard dependencies.
- The rules determining when a particular lifetime must outlive a particular value (known as 'dropck') have been modified to not rely on parametricity.
- Implementations of
AsRef
andAsMut
were added toBox
,Rc
, andArc
. Because these smart pointer types implementDeref
, this causes breakage in cases where the interior type contains methods of the same name. - Correct a bug in Rc/Arc that caused dropck to be unaware that they could drop their content. Soundness fix.
- All method invocations are properly checked for well-formedness. Soundness fix.
- Traits whose supertraits contain
Self
are not object safe. Soundness fix. - Target specifications support a
no_default_libraries
setting that controls whether-nodefaultlibs
is passed to the linker, and in turn theis_like_windows
setting no longer affects the-nodefaultlibs
flag. #[derive(Show)]
, long-deprecated, has been removed.- The
#[inline]
and#[repr]
attributes can only appear in valid locations. - Native libraries linked from the local crate are passed to the linker before native libraries from upstream crates.
- Two rarely-used attributes,
#[no_debug]
and#[omit_gdb_pretty_printer_section]
are feature gated. - Negation of unsigned integers, which has been a warning for several releases, is now behind a feature gate and will generate errors.
- The parser accidentally accepted visibility modifiers on enum variants, a bug which has been fixed.
- A bug was fixed that allowed
use
statements to import unstable features.
- When evaluating expressions at compile-time that are not compile-time constants (const-evaluating expressions in non-const contexts), incorrect code such as overlong bitshifts and arithmetic overflow will generate a warning instead of an error, delaying the error until runtime. This will allow the const-evaluator to be expanded in the future backwards-compatibly.
- The
improper_ctypes
lint no longer warns about usingisize
andusize
in FFI.
Arc<T>
andRc<T>
are covariant with respect toT
instead of invariant.Default
is implemented for mutable slices.FromStr
is implemented forSockAddrV4
andSockAddrV6
.- There are now
From
conversions between floating point types where the conversions are lossless. - There are now
From
conversions between integer types where the conversions are lossless. fs::Metadata
implementsClone
.- The
parse
method accepts a leading "+" when parsing integers. AsMut
is implemented forVec
.- The
clone_from
implementations forString
andBinaryHeap
have been optimized and no longer rely on the default impl. - The
extern "Rust"
,extern "C"
,unsafe extern "Rust"
andunsafe extern "C"
function types now implementClone
,PartialEq
,Eq
,PartialOrd
,Ord
,Hash
,fmt::Pointer
, andfmt::Debug
for up to 12 arguments. - Dropping
Vec
s is much faster in unoptimized builds when the element types don't implementDrop
. - A bug that caused in incorrect behavior when combining
VecDeque
with zero-sized types was resolved. PartialOrd
for slices is faster.
- Crate metadata size was reduced by 20%.
- Improvements to code generation reduced the size of libcore by 3.3 MB and rustc's memory usage by 18MB.
- Improvements to deref translation increased performance in unoptimized builds.
- Various errors in trait resolution are deduplicated to only be reported once.
- Rust has preliminary support for rumprun kernels.
- Rust has preliminary support for NetBSD on amd64.
- ~1200 changes, numerous bugfixes
- Windows builds targeting the 64-bit MSVC ABI and linker (instead of GNU) are now supported and recommended for use.
- Several changes have been made to fix type soundness and improve the behavior of associated types. See RFC 1214. Although we have mostly introduced these changes as warnings this release, to become errors next release, there are still some scenarios that will see immediate breakage.
- The
str::lines
andBufRead::lines
iterators treat\r\n
as line breaks in addition to\n
. - Loans of
'static
lifetime extend to the end of a function. str::parse
no longer introduces avoidable rounding error when parsing floating point numbers. Together with earlier changes to float formatting/output, "round trips" like f.to_string().parse() now preserve the value of f exactly. Additionally, leading plus signs are now accepted.
use
statements that import multiple items can now rename them, as inuse foo::{bar as kitten, baz as puppy}
.- Binops work correctly on fat pointers.
pub extern crate
, which does not behave as expected, issues a warning until a better solution is found.
- Many APIs were stabilized:
<Box<str>>::into_string
,Arc::downgrade
,Arc::get_mut
,Arc::make_mut
,Arc::try_unwrap
,Box::from_raw
,Box::into_raw
,CStr::to_str
,CStr::to_string_lossy
,CString::from_raw
,CString::into_raw
,IntoRawFd::into_raw_fd
,IntoRawFd
,IntoRawHandle::into_raw_handle
,IntoRawHandle
,IntoRawSocket::into_raw_socket
,IntoRawSocket
,Rc::downgrade
,Rc::get_mut
,Rc::make_mut
,Rc::try_unwrap
,Result::expect
,String::into_boxed_str
,TcpStream::read_timeout
,TcpStream::set_read_timeout
,TcpStream::set_write_timeout
,TcpStream::write_timeout
,UdpSocket::read_timeout
,UdpSocket::set_read_timeout
,UdpSocket::set_write_timeout
,UdpSocket::write_timeout
,Vec::append
,Vec::split_off
,VecDeque::append
,VecDeque::retain
,VecDeque::split_off
,rc::Weak::upgrade
,rc::Weak
,slice::Iter::as_slice
,slice::IterMut::into_slice
,str::CharIndices::as_str
,str::Chars::as_str
,str::split_at_mut
,str::split_at
,sync::Weak::upgrade
,sync::Weak
,thread::park_timeout
,thread::sleep
. - Some APIs were deprecated:
BTreeMap::with_b
,BTreeSet::with_b
,Option::as_mut_slice
,Option::as_slice
,Result::as_mut_slice
,Result::as_slice
,f32::from_str_radix
,f64::from_str_radix
. - Reverse-searching strings is faster with the 'two-way' algorithm.
std::io::copy
allows?Sized
arguments.- The
Windows
,Chunks
, andChunksMut
iterators over slices all overridecount
,nth
andlast
with an O(1) implementation. Default
is implemented for arrays up to[T; 32]
.IntoRawFd
has been added to the Unix-specific prelude,IntoRawSocket
andIntoRawHandle
to the Windows-specific prelude.Extend<String>
andFromIterator<String
are both implemented forString
.IntoIterator
is implemented for references toOption
andResult
.HashMap
andHashSet
implementExtend<&T>
whereT: Copy
as part of RFC 839. This will cause type inference breakage in rare situations.BinaryHeap
implementsDebug
.Borrow
andBorrowMut
are implemented for fixed-size arrays.extern fn
s with the "Rust" and "C" ABIs implement common traits includingEq
,Ord
,Debug
,Hash
.- String comparison is faster.
&mut T
whereT: std::fmt::Write
also implementsstd::fmt::Write
.- A stable regression in
VecDeque::push_back
and other capacity-altering methods that caused panics for zero-sized types was fixed. - Function pointers implement traits for up to 12 parameters.
- The compiler no longer uses the 'morestack' feature to prevent stack overflow. Instead it uses guard pages and stack probes (though stack probes are not yet implemented on any platform but Windows).
- The compiler matches traits faster when projections are involved.
- The 'improper_ctypes' lint no longer warns about use of
isize
andusize
. - Cargo now displays useful information about what its doing during
cargo update
.
- ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
- The new object lifetime defaults have been turned
on after a cycle of warnings about the change. Now types
like
&'a Box<Trait>
(or&'a Rc<Trait>
, etc) will change from being interpreted as&'a Box<Trait+'a>
to&'a Box<Trait+'static>
. - The Rustonomicon is a new book in the official documentation that dives into writing unsafe Rust.
- The
Duration
API, has been stabilized. This basic unit of timekeeping is employed by other std APIs, as well as out-of-tree time crates.
- The new object lifetime defaults have been turned on after a cycle of warnings about the change.
- There is a known regression in how object lifetime elision is interpreted, the proper solution for which is undetermined.
- The
#[prelude_import]
attribute, an internal implementation detail, was accidentally stabilized previously. It has been put behind theprelude_import
feature gate. This change is believed to break no existing code. - The behavior of
size_of_val
andalign_of_val
is more sane for dynamically sized types. Code that relied on the previous behavior is thought to be broken. - The
dropck
rules, which checks that destructors can't access destroyed values, have been updated to match the RFC. This fixes some soundness holes, and as such will cause some previously-compiling code to no longer build.
- The new object lifetime defaults have been turned on after a cycle of warnings about the change.
- Semicolons may now follow types and paths in macros.
- The behavior of
size_of_val
andalign_of_val
is more sane for dynamically sized types. Code that relied on the previous behavior is not known to exist, and suspected to be broken. 'static
variables may now be recursive.ref
bindings choose betweenDeref
andDerefMut
implementations correctly.- The
dropck
rules, which checks that destructors can't access destroyed values, have been updated to match the RFC.
- The
Duration
API, has been stabilized, as well as thestd::time
module, which presently contains onlyDuration
. Box<str>
andBox<[T]>
both implementClone
.- The owned C string,
CString
, implementsBorrow
and the borrowed C string,CStr
, implementsToOwned
. The two of these allow C strings to be borrowed and cloned in generic code. CStr
implementsDebug
.AtomicPtr
implementsDebug
.Error
trait objects can be downcast to their concrete types in many common configurations, using theis
,downcast
,downcast_ref
anddowncast_mut
methods, similarly to theAny
trait.- Searching for substrings now employs the two-way algorithm
instead of doing a naive search. This gives major speedups to a
number of methods, including
contains
,find
,rfind
,split
.starts_with
andends_with
are also faster. - The performance of
PartialEq
for slices is much faster. - The
Hash
trait offers the default method,hash_slice
, which is overridden and optimized by the implementations for scalars. - The
Hasher
trait now has a number of specializedwrite_*
methods for primitive types, for efficiency. - The I/O-specific error type,
std::io::Error
, gained a set of methods for accessing the 'inner error', if any:get_ref
,get_mut
,into_inner
. As well, the implementation ofstd::error::Error::cause
also delegates to the inner error. process::Child
gained theid
method, which returns au32
representing the platform-specific process identifier.- The
connect
method on slices is deprecated, replaced by the newjoin
method (note that both of these are on the unstableSliceConcatExt
trait, but through the magic of the prelude are available to stable code anyway). - The
Div
operator is implemented forWrapping
types. DerefMut
is implemented forString
.- Performance of SipHash (the default hasher for
HashMap
) is better for long data. AtomicPtr
implementsSend
.- The
read_to_end
implementations forStdin
andFile
are now specialized to use uninitialized buffers for increased performance. - Lifetime parameters of foreign functions are now resolved properly.
- Rust can now, with some coercion, produce programs that run on Windows XP, though XP is not considered a supported platform.
- Porting Rust on Windows from the GNU toolchain to MSVC continues (1, 2, 3, 4). It is still not recommended for use in 1.3, though should be fully-functional in the 64-bit 1.4 beta.
- On Fedora-based systems installation will properly configure the dynamic linker.
- The compiler gained many new extended error descriptions, which can
be accessed with the
--explain
flag. - The
dropck
pass, which checks that destructors can't access destroyed values, has been rewritten. This fixes some soundness holes, and as such will cause some previously-compiling code to no longer build. rustc
now uses LLVM to write archive files where possible. Eventually this will eliminate the compiler's dependency on the ar utility.- Rust has preliminary support for i686 FreeBSD (it has long supported FreeBSD on x86_64).
- The
unused_mut
,unconditional_recursion
,improper_ctypes
, andnegate_unsigned
lints are more strict. - If landing pads are disabled (with
-Z no-landing-pads
),panic!
will kill the process instead of leaking.
- ~1200 changes, numerous bugfixes
- Dynamically-sized-type coercions allow smart pointer types
like
Rc
to contain types without a fixed size, arrays and trait objects, finally enabling use ofRc<[T]>
and completing the implementation of DST. - Parallel codegen is now working again, which can
substantially speed up large builds in debug mode; It also gets
another ~33% speedup when bootstrapping on a 4 core machine (using 8
jobs). It's not enabled by default, but will be "in the near
future". It can be activated with the
-C codegen-units=N
flag torustc
. - This is the first release with experimental support for linking with the MSVC linker and lib C on Windows (instead of using the GNU variants via MinGW). It is yet recommended only for the most intrepid Rustaceans.
- Benchmark compilations are showing a 30% improvement in bootstrapping over 1.1.
- The
to_uppercase
andto_lowercase
methods onchar
now do unicode case mapping, which is a previously-planned change in behavior and considered a bugfix. mem::align_of
now specifies the minimum alignment for T, which is usually the alignment programs are interested in, and the same value reported by clang'salignof
.mem::min_align_of
is deprecated. This is not known to break real code.- The
#[packed]
attribute is no longer silently accepted by the compiler. This attribute did nothing and code that mentioned it likely did not work as intended. - Associated type defaults are now behind the
associated_type_defaults
feature gate. In 1.1 associated type defaults did not work, but could be mentioned syntactically. As such this breakage has minimal impact.
- Patterns with
ref mut
now correctly invokeDerefMut
when matching against dereferencable values.
- The
Extend
trait, which grows a collection from an iterator, is implemented over iterators of references, forString
,Vec
,LinkedList
,VecDeque
,EnumSet
,BinaryHeap
,VecMap
,BTreeSet
andBTreeMap
. RFC. - The
iter::once
function returns an iterator that yields a single element, anditer::empty
returns an iterator that yields no elements. - The
matches
andrmatches
methods onstr
return iterators over substring matches. Cell
andRefCell
both implementEq
.- A number of methods for wrapping arithmetic are added to the
integral types,
wrapping_div
,wrapping_rem
,wrapping_neg
,wrapping_shl
,wrapping_shr
. These are in addition to the existingwrapping_add
,wrapping_sub
, andwrapping_mul
methods, and alternatives to theWrapping
type.. It is illegal for the default arithmetic operations in Rust to overflow; the desire to wrap must be explicit. - The
{:#?}
formatting specifier displays the alternate, pretty-printed form of theDebug
formatter. This feature was actually introduced prior to 1.0 with little fanfare. fmt::Formatter
implementsfmt::Write
, afmt
-specific trait for writing data to formatted strings, similar toio::Write
.fmt::Formatter
adds 'debug builder' methods,debug_struct
,debug_tuple
,debug_list
,debug_set
,debug_map
. These are used by code generators to emit implementations ofDebug
.str
has newto_uppercase
andto_lowercase
methods that convert case, following Unicode case mapping.- It is now easier to handle poisoned locks. The
PoisonError
type, returned by failing lock operations, exposesinto_inner
,get_ref
, andget_mut
, which all give access to the inner lock guard, and allow the poisoned lock to continue to operate. Theis_poisoned
method ofRwLock
andMutex
can poll for a poisoned lock without attempting to take the lock. - On Unix the
FromRawFd
trait is implemented forStdio
, andAsRawFd
forChildStdin
,ChildStdout
,ChildStderr
. On Windows theFromRawHandle
trait is implemented forStdio
, andAsRawHandle
forChildStdin
,ChildStdout
,ChildStderr
. io::ErrorKind
has a new variant,InvalidData
, which indicates malformed input.
rustc
employs smarter heuristics for guessing at typos.rustc
emits more efficient code for no-op conversions between unsafe pointers.- Fat pointers are now passed in pairs of immediate arguments, resulting in faster compile times and smaller code.
- ~850 changes, numerous bugfixes
- The
std::fs
module has been expanded to expand the set of functionality exposed:DirEntry
now supports optimizations likefile_type
andmetadata
which don't incur a syscall on some platforms.- A
symlink_metadata
function has been added. - The
fs::Metadata
structure now lowers to its OS counterpart, providing access to all underlying information.
- The compiler now contains extended explanations of many errors. When an error
with an explanation occurs the compiler suggests using the
--explain
flag to read the explanation. Error explanations are also available online. - Thanks to multiple improvements to type checking, as well as other work, the time to bootstrap the compiler decreased by 32%.
- The
str::split_whitespace
method splits a string on unicode whitespace boundaries. - On both Windows and Unix, new extension traits provide conversion of
I/O types to and from the underlying system handles. On Unix, these
traits are
FromRawFd
andAsRawFd
, on WindowsFromRawHandle
andAsRawHandle
. These are implemented forFile
,TcpStream
,TcpListener
, andUpdSocket
. Further implementations forstd::process
will be stabilized later. - On Unix,
std::os::unix::symlink
creates symlinks. On Windows, symlinks can be created withstd::os::windows::symlink_dir
andstd::os::windows::symlink_file
. - The
mpsc::Receiver
type can now be converted into an iterator withinto_iter
on theIntoIterator
trait. Ipv4Addr
can be created fromu32
with theFrom<u32>
implementation of theFrom
trait.- The
Debug
implementation forRangeFull
creates output that is more consistent with other implementations. Debug
is implemented forFile
.- The
Default
implementation forArc
no longer requiresSync + Send
. - The
Iterator
methodscount
,nth
, andlast
have been overridden for slices to have O(1) performance instead of O(n). - Incorrect handling of paths on Windows has been improved in both the compiler and the standard library.
AtomicPtr
gained aDefault
implementation.- In accordance with Rust's policy on arithmetic overflow
abs
now panics on overflow when debug assertions are enabled. - The
Cloned
iterator, which was accidentally left unstable for 1.0 has been stabilized. - The
Incoming
iterator, which iterates over incoming TCP connections, and which was accidentally unnamable in 1.0, is now properly exported. BinaryHeap
no longer corrupts itself when functions called bysift_up
orsift_down
panic.- The
split_off
method ofLinkedList
no longer corrupts the list in certain scenarios.
- Type checking performance has improved notably with multiple improvements.
- The compiler suggests code changes for more errors.
- rustc and it's build system have experimental support for building toolchains against MUSL instead of glibc on Linux.
- The compiler defines the
target_env
cfg value, which is used for distinguishing toolchains that are otherwise for the same platform. Presently this is set tognu
for common GNU Linux targets and for MinGW targets, andmusl
for MUSL Linux targets. - The
cargo rustc
command invokes a build with custom flags to rustc. - Android executables are always position independent.
- The
drop_with_repr_extern
lint warns about mixingrepr(C)
withDrop
.
- ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
- The vast majority of the standard library is now
#[stable]
. It is no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of the compiler. - Many popular crates on crates.io now work on the stable release channel.
- Arithmetic on basic integer types now checks for overflow in debug builds.
- Several restrictions have been added to trait coherence in order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits without breaking downstream code.
- Digits of binary and octal literals are lexed more eagerly to
improve error messages and macro behavior. For example,
0b1234
is now lexed as0b1234
instead of two tokens,0b1
and234
. - Trait bounds are always invariant, eliminating the need for
the
PhantomFn
andMarkerTrait
lang items, which have been removed. - "-" is no longer a valid character in crate names, the
extern crate "foo" as bar
syntax has been replaced withextern crate foo as bar
, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in package names to underscore for the crate name. - Lifetime shadowing is an error.
Send
no longer implies'static
.- UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths like
MyType::default()
. - Primitive types now have inherent methods,
obviating the need for extension traits like
SliceExt
. - Methods with
Self: Sized
in theirwhere
clause are considered object-safe, allowing many extension traits likeIteratorExt
to be merged into the traits they extended. - You can now refer to associated types whose
corresponding trait bounds appear only in a
where
clause. - The final bits of OIBIT landed, meaning that traits
like
Send
andSync
are now library-defined. - A Reflect trait was introduced, which means that
downcasting via the
Any
trait is effectively limited to concrete types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity" property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type arguments except in minor ways. - The
unsafe_destructor
feature is now deprecated in favor of the newdropck
. This change is a major reduction in unsafe code.
- The
thread_local
module has been renamed tostd::thread
. - The methods of
IteratorExt
have been moved to theIterator
trait itself. - Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type
conversions,
AsMut
,AsRef
,From
, andInto
have been centralized in thestd::convert
module. - The
FromError
trait was removed in favor ofFrom
. - The basic sleep function has moved to
std::thread::sleep_ms
. - The
splitn
function now takes ann
parameter that represents the number of items yielded by the returned iterator instead of the number of 'splits'. - On Unix, all file descriptors are
CLOEXEC
by default. - Derived implementations of
PartialOrd
now order enums according to their explicitly-assigned discriminants. - Methods for searching strings are generic over
Pattern
s, implemented presently by&char
,&str
,FnMut(char) -> bool
and some others. - In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent methods.
String::from_str
has been deprecated in favor of theFrom
impl,String::from
.io::Error
implementsSync
.- The
words
method on&str
has been replaced withsplit_whitespace
, to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is a word?' - The new path and IO modules are complete and
#[stable]
. This was the major library focus for this cycle. - The path API was revised to normalize
.
, adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage. - A large number of remaining APIs in
std
were also stabilized during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface is now stable. - The new string pattern API landed, which makes the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.
- A new set of generic conversion traits replaced many existing ad hoc traits.
- Generic numeric traits were completely removed. This was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types, and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric hierarchy in the future.
- The
Fn
traits are now related via inheritance and provide ergonomic blanket implementations. - The
Index
andIndexMut
traits were changed to take the index by value, enabling code likehash_map["string"]
to work. Copy
now inherits fromClone
, meaning that allCopy
data is known to beClone
as well.
- Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with
the
--explain
flag torustc
. - Many new examples have been added to the standard library documentation.
- rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion and polish.
- Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries by 27%.
- Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible to compare builds for breakage.
-
~1300 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Highlights
- The various I/O modules were overhauled to reduce
unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
the underlying platform. The old
io
module remains temporarily atstd::old_io
. - The standard library now participates in feature gating,
so use of unstable libraries now requires a
#![feature(...)]
attribute. The impact of this change is described on the forum. RFC.
- The various I/O modules were overhauled to reduce
unnecessary abstractions and provide better interoperation with
the underlying platform. The old
-
Language
for
loops now operate on theIntoIterator
trait, which eliminates the need to call.iter()
, etc. to iterate over collections. There are some new subtleties to remember though regarding what sort of iterators various types yield, in particular thatfor foo in bar { }
yields values from a move iterator, destroying the original collection. RFC.- Objects now have default lifetime bounds, so you don't
have to write
Box<Trait+'static>
when you don't care about storing references. RFC. - In types that implement
Drop
, lifetimes must outlive the value. This will soon make it possible to safely implementDrop
for types where#[unsafe_destructor]
is now required. Read the gorgeous RFC for details. - The fully qualified ::X syntax lets you set the Self type for a trait method or associated type. RFC.
- References to types that implement
Deref<U>
now automatically coerce to references to the dereferenced typeU
, e.g.&T where T: Deref<U>
automatically coerces to&U
. This should eliminate many unsightly uses of&*
, as when converting from references to vectors into references to slices. RFC. - The explicit closure kind syntax (
|&:|
,|&mut:|
,|:|
) is obsolete and closure kind is inferred from context. Self
is a keyword.
-
Libraries
- The
Show
andString
formatting traits have been renamed toDebug
andDisplay
to more clearly reflect their related purposes. Automatically getting a string conversion to use withformat!("{:?}", something_to_debug)
is now written#[derive(Debug)]
. - Abstract OS-specific string types,
std::ff::{OsString, OsStr}
, provide strings in platform-specific encodings for easier interop with system APIs. RFC. - The
boxed::into_raw
andBox::from_raw
functions convert betweenBox<T>
and*mut T
, a common pattern for creating raw pointers.
- The
-
Tooling
- Certain long error messages of the form 'expected foo found bar' are now split neatly across multiple lines. Examples in the PR.
- On Unix Rust can be uninstalled by running
/usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh
. - The
#[rustc_on_unimplemented]
attribute, requiring the 'on_unimplemented' feature, lets rustc display custom error messages when a trait is expected to be implemented for a type but is not.
-
Misc
- Rust is tested against a LALR grammar, which parses almost all the Rust files that rustc does.
-
~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Highlights
- The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0, though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes before the final release.
- Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change before 1.0.
- The long-running debate over integer types has been
settled: Rust will ship with types named
isize
andusize
, rather thanint
anduint
, for pointer-sized integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle. - Most crates that are not
std
have been moved out of the Rust distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including 'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'. - Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been consolidated into The Rust Programming Language.
- "Rust By Example" is now maintained by the Rust team.
- All official Rust binary installers now come with Cargo, the Rust package manager.
-
Language
- Closures have been completely redesigned to be implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
- Traits now support associated types, allowing families of related types to be defined together and used generically in powerful ways.
- Enum variants are namespaced by their type names.
where
clauses provide a more versatile and attractive syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax remains valid.- Rust again picks a fallback (either i32 or f64) for uninferred numeric types.
- Rust no longer has a runtime of any description, and only supports OS threads, not green threads.
- At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
types' (DST), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
arrays, and
str
) more deeply into the type system, making it more consistent. - Rust now has a general range syntax,
i..j
,i..
, and..j
that produce range types and which, when combined with theIndex
operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice notation,[i..j]
. - The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
array syntax, so now fixed length arrays are written
[T; N]
. - The
Copy
trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe pointers no longer implementSync
andSend
so types containing them don't automatically either.Sync
andSend
are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them viaunsafe impl
if a type confirms to the requirements for them even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe pointers likeArc
). These changes are intended to prevent some footguns and are collectively known as opt-in built-in traits (thoughSync
andSend
will soon become pure library types unknown to the compiler). - Operator traits now take their operands by value, and
comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
against multiple other types, allowing e.g.
String
to be compared with&str
. if let
andwhile let
are no longer feature-gated.- Rust has adopted a more uniform syntax for escaping unicode characters.
macro_rules!
has been declared stable. Though it is a flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable for 1.0. Effort has gone into future-proofing it in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the language.- The prelude has been pared back significantly such that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive code patterns, and through generalized where clauses many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
- Rust's rudimentary reflection has been removed, as it incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
- Struct variants are no longer feature-gated.
- Trait bounds can be polymorphic over lifetimes. Also known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows unboxed closures to work.
- Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
not terminated by a semicolon are parsed as
expressions, which makes expressions like
vec![1i32, 2, 3].len()
work as expected. - Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and traits that can be coerced to objects now must be object safe.
- Automatically deriving traits is now done with
#[derive(...)]
not#[deriving(...)]
for consistency with other naming conventions. - Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
items or variants they contain is now done with
self
instead ofmod
, as in usefoo::{self, bar}
- Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
- The
box
operator andbox
patterns have been feature-gated pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated like other containers, withBox::new
.
-
Libraries
- A series of efforts to establish conventions for collections types has resulted in API improvements throughout the standard library.
- New APIs for error handling provide ergonomic interop between error types, and new conventions describe more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
- The
fail!
macro has been renamed topanic!
so that it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to the 'fail' macro or failure more generally. - On Linux,
OsRng
prefers the new, more reliablegetrandom
syscall when available. - The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely used now, it is expected to be superseded in the near future.
- The
Show
formatter, typically implemented with#[derive(Show)]
is now requested with the{:?}
specifier and is intended for use by all types, for uses such asprintln!
debugging. The newString
formatter must be implemented by hand, uses the{}
specifier, and is intended for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be represented as strings.
-
Tooling
- Flexible target specification allows rustc's code generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported platforms.
- Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
- The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that platform.
-
Misc
- Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
that e.g.
Option<Vec<T>>
andOption<String>
take up no more space than the inner types themselves. - Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
- Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
that e.g.
-
~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Highlights
- The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary guides.
- Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
- Many API's in
std
have been reviewed and updated for consistency with the in-development Rust coding guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks stabilization progress. - Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can be installed with Cargo.
- Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of function declarations in many common scenarios.
- Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
-
Language
- Indexing can be overloaded with the
Index
andIndexMut
traits. - The
if let
construct takes a branch only if thelet
pattern matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate. - 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it possible to constrain associated types, which would be impossible with the existing syntax.
- A new slicing syntax (e.g.
[0..4]
) has been introduced behind the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with theSlice
orSliceMut
traits. - The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
postfix
..
instead of prefix (.e.g.[a, b, c..]
), for consistency with other uses of..
and to future-proof potential additional uses of the syntax. - The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
from
0..3
to0...4
to be consistent with the exclusive range syntax for slicing. - Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g.
[a.., b, c]
) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature gate and may be removed in the future. - Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
the
value.0
syntax, currently behind thetuple_indexing
feature gate. - The
#[crate_id]
attribute is no longer supported; versioning is handled by the package manager. - Renaming crate imports are now written
extern crate foo as bar
instead ofextern crate bar = foo
. - Renaming use statements are now written
use foo as bar
instead ofuse bar = foo
. let
andmatch
bindings and argument names in macros are now hygienic.- The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked trait lifetimes are added to the language.
move
has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures that capture by value.- Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
- Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
- The
Share
trait is now calledSync
to free up the term 'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference type. - Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented, unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the type system.
- As part of dynamically-sized types, the
Sized
trait has been introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type parameter does not need to be sized, write<Sized? T>
. Most types areSized
, notable exceptions being unsized arrays ([T]
) and trait types. - Closures can return
!
, as in|| -> !
orproc() -> !
. - Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object types.
- The old, reference counted GC type,
Gc<T>
which was once denoted by the@
sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be revisited in the future.
- Indexing can be overloaded with the
-
Libraries
- Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
- Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
- The url crate is deprecated in favor of https://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with Cargo.
- Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from a different thread.
- A
std::time::Duration
type has been added for use in I/O methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate'sTimespec
arithmetic. - The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
collections::btree
has been rewritten to have a more idiomatic and efficient design.
-
Tooling
- rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
- The
--crate-name
flag can specify the name of the crate being compiled, like#[crate_name]
. - The
-C metadata
specifies additional metadata to hash into symbol names, and-C extra-filename
specifies additional information to put into the output filename, for use by the package manager for versioning. - debug info generation has continued to improve and should be more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
- rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
using the
-C codegen-units
flag. - rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by default.
-
Misc
- Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
- Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
-
~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Language
- ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the Vec type.
- ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the String type.
- ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the Box type.
- @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the standard library's std::gc::Gc type.
- Struct fields are now all private by default.
- Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a
uint
instead of any integral type. - Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
supported by prefixing the normal literal with a
b
. - Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
- The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
slightly:
<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T
- Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it is still provided by a library implementation.
- Private enum variants are now disallowed.
- The
priv
keyword has been removed from the language. - A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
- The
use foo, bar, baz;
syntax has been removed from the language. - The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
- Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
- Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
- Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
- The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the #[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
- The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
- Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as if, while, match, and for..in.
- Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by default.
- Integral literals no longer default to
int
, and floating point literals no longer default tof64
. Literals must be suffixed with an appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the literal. - The Box type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
- Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
-
Libraries
- The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying libraries. This means that development on the standard library should be speedier due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between all dependencies.
- A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and kernel development for example.
- A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate includes statically compiled regular expressions.
- The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for better error messages.
- The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized around the Result type.
- A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their operations.
- A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
- Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of
rev()
on their forward-iteration counterparts. - A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and management of bit flags.
- A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
--cfg ndebug
is passed to the compiler. - A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
- The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
- The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions to being based on methods.
- The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
- jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
- The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment and sized deallocation
- Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as opposed to an IP.
- The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
- The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style Command struct.
- The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to an external libdebug crate.
- Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
- The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes for { and } have also changed from { and } to {{ and }}, respectively.
- The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
-
Tooling
- All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
commit message annotated with
[breaking-change]
to allow for easy discovery of breaking changes. - The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a lifetime-related error occurs.
- Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
- Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
- Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections, -fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
- The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
from when a module is declared via
mod foo;
. - The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)]. Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
- Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
- A number of rustdoc improvements:
- The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
- Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
- Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
- The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
- Cross-crate documentation via
pub use
has been greatly improved. - Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
- Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to doc.rust-lang.org
- A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and sharing rust code examples on-line.
- Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
- The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
- Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
- Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
- Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
- Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been greatly improved.
- All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
commit message annotated with
-
~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Language
- A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
- Patterns with
@
-pointers have been removed from the language. - Patterns with unique vectors (
~[T]
) have been removed from the language. - Patterns with unique strings (
~str
) have been removed from the language. @str
has been removed from the language.@[T]
has been removed from the language.@self
has been removed from the language.@Trait
has been removed from the language.- Headers on
~
allocations which contain@
boxes inside the type for reference counting have been removed. - The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed, see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
- Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
#11151 for more information. This includes both
macro_rules!
macros as well as syntax extensions such asformat!
. - New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
warn-by-default.
- Unnecessary parentheses
- Uppercase statics
- Camel Case types
- Uppercase variables
- Publicly visible private types
#[deriving]
with raw pointers
- Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
- Various obscure macros such as
log_syntax!
are now behind feature gates. - The
#[simd]
attribute is now behind a feature gate. - Visibility is no longer allowed on
extern crate
statements, and unnecessary visibility (priv
) is no longer allowed onuse
statements. - Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
- The
do
keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword. - Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
- Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
extern mod
is nowextern crate
- The
Freeze
trait has been removed. - The
Share
trait has been added for types that can be shared among threads. - Labels in macros are now hygienic.
- Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with
{}
now. - Treatment of types allowed in
static mut
locations has been tweaked. - The
*
and.
operators are now overloadable through theDeref
andDerefMut
traits. ~Trait
andproc
no longer haveSend
bounds by default.- Partial type hints are now supported with the
_
type marker. - An
Unsafe
type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now considered undefined to transmute from&T
to&mut T
without using theUnsafe
type. - The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
- The inner attribute syntax has changed from
#[foo];
to#![foo]
. Pod
was renamed toCopy
.
-
Libraries
- The
libextra
library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the documentation index page. - std:
std::condition
has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated through theResult
type. In order to assist with error handling, atry!
macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information. - std: The
vec
module has been renamed toslice
. - std: A new vector type,
Vec<T>
, has been added in preparation for DST. This will become the only growable vector in the future. - std:
std::io
now has more public re-exports. Types such asBufferedReader
are now found atstd::io::BufferedReader
instead ofstd::io::buffered::BufferedReader
. - std:
print
andprintln
are no longer in the prelude, theprint!
andprintln!
macros are intended to be used instead. - std:
Rc
now has aWeak
pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer attempts to statically prevent cycles. - std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
slice::last()
) now returnOption<T>
instead ofT
+ failing. - std:
fmt::Default
has been renamed tofmt::Show
, and it now has a new deriving mode:#[deriving(Show)]
. - std:
ToStr
is now implemented for all types implementingShow
. - std: The formatting trait methods now take
&self
instead of&T
- std: The
invert()
method on iterators has been renamed torev()
- std:
std::num
has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits, consolidating functionality into a few core traits. - std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
variable
RUST_BACKTRACE
is present. - std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details can be found on the wiki's style guide.
- std:
eof()
has been removed from theReader
trait. Specific types may still implement the function. - std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
- std:
assert_approx_eq!
has been removed - std: The
e
andE
formatting specifiers for floats have been added to print them in exponential notation. - std: The
Times
trait has been removed - std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
through marker types in
std::kinds::marker
now - std:
hash
has been rewritten,IterBytes
has been removed, and#[deriving(Hash)]
is now possible. - std:
SharedChan
has been removed,Sender
is now cloneable. - std:
Chan
andPort
were renamed toSender
andReceiver
. - std:
Chan::new
is nowchannel()
. - std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
- std: A
select!
macro is now provided for selecting overReceiver
s. - std:
hashmap
andtrie
have been moved tolibcollections
- std:
run
has been rolled intoio::process
- std:
assert_eq!
now uses{}
instead of{:?}
- std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
- std:
rand
has moved tolibrand
. - std:
to_{lower,upper}case
has been implemented forchar
. - std: Logging has been moved to
liblog
. - collections:
HashMap
has been rewritten for higher performance and less memory usage. - native: The default runtime is now
libnative
. Iflibgreen
is desired, it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and examples. - native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
- green: Task spawning with
libgreen
has been optimized with stack caching and various trimming of code. - green: Tasks spawned by
libgreen
now have an unmapped guard page. - sync: The
extra::sync
module has been updated to modern rust (and moved to thesync
library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while dropping redundant functionality. - sync: A new
Barrier
type has been added to thesync
library. - sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
- serialize: The
base64
module has seen some improvement. It treats newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general cleanup. - fourcc: A
fourcc!
macro was introduced - hexfloat: A
hexfloat!
macro was implemented for specifying floats via a hexadecimal literal.
- The
-
Tooling
rustpkg
has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its replacement,cargo
, is under development.- Nightly builds of rust are now available
- The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this release cycle.
- The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary itself.
- Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
- Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
- The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for android much more reliable.
- Output flags have been centralized into one
--emit
flag. - Crate type flags have been centralized into one
--crate-type
flag. - Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a
-C
flag. - Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
- Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the function to fix the error.
- Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides were written.
- Many
rustdoc
improvements:- code blocks are syntax highlighted.
- render standalone markdown files.
- the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
- exported macros are displayed.
- re-exported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the first re-export.
- search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output directory.
-
~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Language
- The
float
type has been removed. Usef32
orf64
instead. - A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
been added, using the crate-level
#[feature(foo)]
attribute. - Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
(
#[feature(managed_boxes)]
) in preparation for future removal. Use the standard library'sGc
orRc
types instead. @mut
has been removed. Usestd::cell::{Cell, RefCell}
instead.- Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with
continue
instead ofloop
. - Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
- Raw strings can be created via the basic
r"foo"
syntax or with matched hash delimiters, as inr###"foo"###
. ~fn
is now writtenproc (args) -> retval { ... }
and may only be called once.- The
&fn
type is now written|args| -> ret
to match the literal form. @fn
s have been removed.do
only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost ofdo
is.- Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
- The
#[link(...)]
attribute has been replaced with#[crate_id = "name#vers"]
. - Empty
impl
s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be terminated with a semicolon. - Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the
self
lifetime no longer has any special meaning. - The old
fmt!
string formatting macro has been removed. printf!
andprintfln!
(old-style formatting) removed in favor ofprint!
andprintln!
.mut
works in patterns now, as inlet (mut x, y) = (1, 2);
.- The
extern mod foo (name = "bar")
syntax has been removed. Useextern mod foo = "bar"
instead. - New reserved keywords:
alignof
,offsetof
,sizeof
. - Macros can have attributes.
- Macros can expand to items with attributes.
- Macros can expand to multiple items.
- The
asm!
macro is feature-gated (#[feature(asm)]
). - Comments may be nested.
- Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
an explicit
as
. - Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
contain all the variants. The
repr
attribute can be used to override the discriminant size, as in#[repr(int)]
for integer-sized, and#[repr(C)]
to match C enums. - Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
- The FFI now supports variadic functions.
- Octal numeric literals, as in
0o7777
. - The
concat!
syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation. - The
#[fixed_stack_segment]
and#[rust_stack]
attributes have been removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks. - Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (
#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]
). - Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with
..
, not*
; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with..
, not_
; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with..
, not.._
. rustc
supports the "win64" calling convention viaextern "win64"
.rustc
supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows, "C" elsewhere.- The
type_overflow
lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow. - The
unsafe_block
lint (default: allow) checks for usage ofunsafe
. - The
attribute_usage
lint (default: warn) warns about unknown attributes. - The
unknown_features
lint (default: warn) warns about unknown feature gates. - The
dead_code
lint (default: warn) checks for dead code. - Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
#[link_args]
is behind thelink_args
feature gate.- Native libraries are now linked with
#[link(name = "foo")]
- Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
(
#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]
). - Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
(
#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]
). - The
#[thread_local]
attribute creates thread-local (not task-local) variables. Currently behind thethread_local
feature gate. - The
return
keyword may be used in closures. - Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the
Pod
kind. - The
cfg
attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
- The
-
Libraries
- std: The
option
andresult
API's have been overhauled to make them simpler, more consistent, and more composable. - std: The entire
std::io
module has been replaced with one that is more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all implemented. - std:
io::util
contains a number of useful implementations ofReader
andWriter
, includingNullReader
,NullWriter
,ZeroReader
,TeeReader
. - std: The reference counted pointer type
extra::rc
moved into std. - std: The
Gc
type in thegc
module will replace@
(it is currently just a wrapper around it). - std: The
Either
type has been removed. - std:
fmt::Default
can be implemented for any type to provide default formatting to theformat!
macro, as informat!("{}", myfoo)
. - std: The
rand
API continues to be tweaked. - std: The
rust_begin_unwind
function, useful for inserting breakpoints on failure in gdb, is now namedrust_fail
. - std: The
each_key
andeach_value
methods onHashMap
have been replaced by thekeys
andvalues
iterators. - std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
sys
module to themem
module. - std: The
path
module was written and API changed. - std:
str::from_utf8
has been changed to cast instead of allocate. - std:
starts_with
andends_with
methods added to vectors via theImmutableEqVector
trait, which is in the prelude. - std: Vectors can be indexed with the
get_opt
method, which returnsNone
if the index is out of bounds. - std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
- std: The
Any
type can be used for dynamic typing. - std:
~Any
can be passed to thefail!
macro and retrieved viatask::try
. - std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an
_iter
suffix now. - std:
cell::Cell
andcell::RefCell
can be used to introduce mutability roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g.@mut
. - std:
util::ignore
renamed toprelude::drop
. - std: Slices have
sort
andsort_by
methods via theMutableVector
trait. - std:
vec::raw
has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes. - std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
- std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates: libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited embedded environments.
- std: The
comm
module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green threading. - std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
- native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
- native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning, and other I/O.
- green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost entirely lock-free.
- extra: The
flatpipes
module had bitrotted and was removed. - extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
- extra:
c_vec
has been modernized. - extra: The
sort
module has been removed. Use thesort
method on mutable slices.
- std: The
-
Tooling
- The
rust
andrusti
commands have been removed, due to lack of maintenance. rustdoc
was completely rewritten.rustdoc
can test code examples in documentation.rustpkg
can test packages with the argument, 'test'.rustpkg
supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.rustc
's support for generating debug info is improved again.rustc
has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.rustc
's JIT support was removed due to bitrot.- Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
rustc
adds a--dep-info
flag for communicating dependencies to build tools.
- The
-
~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Language
- The
for
loop syntax has changed to work with theIterator
trait. - At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
- Default methods are ready for use.
- Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
- Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
copy
is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by theClone
trait.- rustc can omit emission of code for the
debug!
macro if it is passed--cfg ndebug
- mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading
mod foo;
, rustc will now look for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are present. - Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new
std::c_str
module provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings. - The type of foreign functions is now
extern "C" fn
instead of `*u8'. - The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly, instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
- Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
#[fixed_stack_segment]
attribute. - The
externfn!
macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and a#[fixed_stack_segment]
wrapper at once. pub
andpriv
modifiers onextern
blocks are no longer parsed.unsafe
is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.priv
is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.&T
(besides&'static T
) is no longer allowed in@T
.ref
bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.char
is now prevented from containing invalid code points.- Casting to
bool
is no longer allowed. \0
is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.yield
is a reserved keyword.typeof
is a reserved keyword.- Crates may be imported by URL with
extern mod foo = "url";
. - Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in
enum E { V = 0u }
- Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
e.g.
static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];
. - Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
e.g.
static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };
. cfg!
can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate configuration, similarly to#[cfg(...)]
.- The
unnecessary_qualification
lint detects unneeded module prefixes (default: allow). - Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
std::unstable::simd
. - Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
format!
implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance string formatting system. It will replacefmt!
.print!
andprintln!
write formatted strings (using theformat!
extension) to stdout.write!
andwriteln!
write formatted strings (using theformat!
extension) to the new Writers instd::rt::io
.- The library section in which a function or static is placed may
be specified with
#[link_section = "..."]
. - The
proto!
syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols was removed. macro_rules!
is hygienic forlet
declarations.- The
#[export_name]
attribute specifies the name of a symbol. unreachable!
can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails if executed.
- The
-
Libraries
- std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
- std: Added an experimental I/O library,
rt::io
, based on the new runtime. - std: A new generic
range
function was added to the prelude, replacinguint::range
and friends. - std:
range_rev
no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be reversed withrange(lo, hi).invert()
. - std: The
chain
method on option renamed toand_then
;unwrap_or_default
renamed tounwrap_or
. - std: The
iterator
module was renamed toiter
. - std: Integral types now support the
checked_add
,checked_sub
, andchecked_mul
operations for detecting overflow. - std: Many methods in
str
,vec
,option,
result` were renamed for consistency. - std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
to_foo
for copying,into_foo
for moving,as_foo
for temporary and cheap casts. - std: The
CString
type inc_str
provides new ways to convert to and from C strings. - std:
DoubleEndedIterator
can yield elements in two directions. - std: The
mut_split
method on vectors partitions an&mut [T]
into two splices. - std:
str::from_bytes
renamed tostr::from_utf8
. - std:
pop_opt
andshift_opt
methods added to vectors. - std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are no longer function pointers.
- std: The
swap_unwrap
method ofOption
renamed totake_unwrap
. - std: Added
SharedPort
tocomm
. - std:
Eq
has a default method forne
; onlyeq
is required in implementations. - std:
Ord
has default methods forle
,gt
andge
; onlylt
is required in implementations. - std:
is_utf8
performance is improved, impacting many string functions. - std:
os::MemoryMap
provides cross-platform mmap. - std:
ptr::offset
is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined. - std: Many freestanding functions in
vec
removed in favor of methods. - std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of methods.
- std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make sense in the new scheduler design.
- std: More containers implement
FromIterator
so can be created by thecollect
method. - std: More complete atomic types in
unstable::atomics
. - std:
comm::PortSet
removed. - std: Mutating methods in the
Set
andMap
traits have been moved into theMutableSet
andMutableMap
traits.Container::is_empty
,Map::contains_key
,MutableMap::insert
, andMutableMap::remove
have default implementations. - std: Various
from_str
functions were removed in favor of a genericfrom_str
which is available in the prelude. - std:
util::unreachable
removed in favor of theunreachable!
macro. - extra:
dlist
, the doubly-linked list was modernized. - extra: Added a
hex
module withToHex
andFromHex
traits. - extra: Added
glob
module, replacingstd::os::glob
. - extra:
rope
was removed. - extra:
deque
was renamed toringbuf
.RingBuf
implementsDeque
. - extra:
net
, andtimer
were removed. The experimental replacements arestd::rt::io::net
andstd::rt::io::timer
. - extra: Iterators implemented for
SmallIntMap
. - extra: Iterators implemented for
Bitv
andBitvSet
. - extra:
SmallIntSet
removed. UseBitvSet
. - extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
- extra:
semver
updated to SemVer 2.0.0. - extra:
term
handles more terminals correctly. - extra:
dbg
module removed. - extra:
par
module removed. - extra:
future
was cleaned up, with some method renames. - extra: Most free functions in
getopts
were converted to methods.
-
Other
- rustc's debug info generation (
-Z debug-info
) is greatly improved. - rustc accepts
--target-cpu
to compile to a specific CPU architecture, similarly to gcc's--march
flag. - rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
- rustpkg has received many improvements.
- rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
- rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for cross-compiling.
- The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
- The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
- All tools have man pages.
- Programs compiled with
--test
now support the-h
and--help
flags. - The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
- Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
- A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
still invoked through the normal
rustdoc
command.
- rustc's debug info generation (
-
~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Language
impl
s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods instead.- The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing many bugs and inconveniences.
- The
self
parameter no longer implicitly means&'self self
, and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime. - Overloadable compound operators (
+=
, etc.) have been temporarily removed due to bugs. - The
for
loop protocol now requiresfor
-iterators to returnbool
so they compose better. - The
Durable
trait is replaced with the'static
bounds. - Trait default methods work more often.
- Structs with the
#[packed]
attribute have byte alignment and no padding between fields. - Type parameters bound by
Copy
must now be copied explicitly with thecopy
keyword. - It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
Option<~T>
is now represented as a nullable pointer.@mut
does dynamic borrow checks correctly.- The
main
function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate. The#[main]
attribute is still valid anywhere. - Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
- The
#[no_send]
attribute makes a type that would otherwise beSend
, not. - The
#[no_freeze]
attribute makes a type that would otherwise beFreeze
, not. - Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
specified by the
RUST_MAX_STACK
environment variable (default: 1GB). - The
vecs_implicitly_copyable
lint mode has been removed. Vectors are never implicitly copyable. #[static_assert]
makes compile-time assertions about static bools.- At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
- The rarely used
use mod
statement no longer exists.
-
Syntax extensions
fail!
andassert!
accept~str
,&'static str
orfmt!
-style argument list.Encodable
,Decodable
,Ord
,TotalOrd
,TotalEq
,DeepClone
,Rand
,Zero
andToStr
can all be automatically derived with#[deriving(...)]
.- The
bytes!
macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char, and unsuffixed integer literals.
-
Libraries
- The
core
crate was renamed tostd
. - The
std
crate was renamed toextra
. - More and improved documentation.
- std:
iterator
module for external iterator objects. - Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
implementations of
Iterator
. - std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
incl.
any
,all
. removed. - std: The
finalize
method ofDrop
renamed todrop
. - std: The
drop
method now takes&mut self
instead of&self
. - std: The prelude no longer re-exports any modules, only types and traits.
- std: Prelude additions:
print
,println
,FromStr
,ApproxEq
,Equiv
,Iterator
,IteratorUtil
, many numeric traits, many tuple traits. - std: New numeric traits:
Fractional
,Real
,RealExt
,Integer
,Ratio
,Algebraic
,Trigonometric
,Exponential
,Primitive
. - std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
(0, 1, 2).n2()
or(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()
. - std: Many types implement
Clone
. - std:
path
type renamed toPath
. - std:
mut
module andMut
type removed. - std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
in
vec
,str
. In the future methods will also work as functions. - std:
reinterpret_cast
removed. Usetransmute
. - std: ascii string handling in
std::ascii
. - std:
Rand
is implemented for ~/@. - std:
run
module for spawning processes overhauled. - std: Various atomic types added to
unstable::atomic
. - std: Various types implement
Zero
. - std:
LinearMap
andLinearSet
renamed toHashMap
andHashSet
. - std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from
ptr
toborrow
. - std: Added
os::mkdir_recursive
. - std: Added
os::glob
function performs filesystems globs. - std:
FuzzyEq
renamed toApproxEq
. - std:
Map
now definespop
andswap
methods. - std:
Cell
constructors converted to static methods. - extra:
rc
module adds the reference counted pointers,Rc
andRcMut
. - extra:
flate
module moved fromstd
toextra
. - extra:
fileinput
module for iterating over a series of files. - extra:
Complex
number type andcomplex
module. - extra:
Rational
number type andrational
module. - extra:
BigInt
,BigUint
implement numeric and comparison traits. - extra:
term
uses terminfo now, is more correct. - extra:
arc
functions converted to methods. - extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
- The
-
Tooling
unused_variable
lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).unused_unsafe
lint mode for detecting unnecessaryunsafe
blocks (default: warn).unused_mut
lint mode for identifying unusedmut
qualifiers (default: warn).dead_assignment
lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).unnecessary_allocation
lint mode detects some heap allocations that are immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).missing_doc
lint mode (default: allow).unreachable_code
lint mode (default: warn).- The
rusti
command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed. - rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
- rustc accepts a
--link-args
flag to pass arguments to the linker. - rustc accepts a
-Z print-link-args
flag for debugging linkage. - Compiling with
-g
will make the binary record information about dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging. - rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
- Various improvements to rustdoc.
- Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
-
~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Syntax changes
- The self type parameter in traits is now spelled
Self
- The
self
parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly named (for example:fn f(&self) { }
). Implicit self is deprecated. - Static methods no longer require the
static
keyword and instead are distinguished by the lack of aself
parameter - Replaced the
Durable
trait with the'static
lifetime - The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
super
is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths- Trait bounds are separated with
+
instead of whitespace - Traits are implemented with
impl Trait for Type
instead ofimpl Type: Trait
- Lifetime syntax is now
&'l foo
instead of&l/foo
- The
export
keyword has finally been removed - The
move
keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes") - The interior mutability qualifier on vectors,
[mut T]
, has been removed. Use&mut [T]
, etc. mut
is no longer valid in~mut T
. Use inherited mutabilityfail
is no longer a keyword. Usefail!()
assert
is no longer a keyword. Useassert!()
log
is no longer a keyword. usedebug!
, etc.- 1-tuples may be represented as
(T,)
- Struct fields may no longer be
mut
. Use inherited mutability,@mut T
,core::mut
orcore::cell
extern mod { ... }
is no longer valid syntax for foreign function modules. Use extern blocks:extern { ... }
- Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
- Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
- Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
const
renamed tostatic
to correspond to lifetime name, and make room for futurestatic mut
unsafe mutable globals.- Replaced
#[deriving_eq]
with#[deriving(Eq)]
, etc. Clone
implementations can be automatically generated with#[deriving(Clone)]
- Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g.
@foo as @Bar
instead offoo as Bar
. - Fixed length vector types are now written as
[int, .. 3]
instead of[int * 3]
. - Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
expression. (ex:
[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]
)
- The self type parameter in traits is now spelled
-
Semantic changes
- Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
eliminating the
move
keyword - All foreign functions are considered unsafe
- &mut is now unaliasable
- Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
- () has size 0
- The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
- The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
use
statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import identifiers imported by previoususe
statementsuse
statements are crate relative, importing from the "top" of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed withsuper::
orself::
to change the search behavior.- Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
- Structural records have been removed
- Many more types can be used in static items, including enums 'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
- Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
- Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
- Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is tagged with #[macro_escape]
- Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
eliminating the
-
Libraries
- Added big integers to
std::bigint
- Removed
core::oldcomm
module - Added pipe-based
core::comm
module - Numeric traits have been reorganized under
core::num
vec::slice
finally returns a slicedebug!
and friends don't require a format string, e.g.debug!(Foo)
- Containers reorganized around traits in
core::container
core::dvec
removed,~[T]
is a drop-in replacementcore::send_map
renamed tocore::hashmap
std::map
removed; replaced withcore::hashmap
std::treemap
reimplemented as an owned balanced treestd::deque
andstd::smallintmap
reimplemented as owned containerscore::trie
added as a fast ordered map for integer keys- Set types added to
core::hashmap
,core::trie
andstd::treemap
Ord
split intoOrd
andTotalOrd
.Ord
is still used to overload the comparison operators, whereasTotalOrd
is used by certain container types
- Added big integers to
-
Other
- Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
- Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
rustc --test
now supports benchmarks with the#[bench]
attribute- rustc now attempts to offer spelling suggestions
- Improved support for ARM and Android
- Preliminary MIPS backend
- Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
- Various memory usage improvements
- Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
- Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
-
~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Syntax changes
- Removed
<-
move operator - Completed the transition from the
#fmt
extension syntax tofmt!
- Removed old fixed length vector syntax -
[T]/N
- New token-based quasi-quoters,
quote_tokens!
,quote_expr!
, etc. - Macros may now expand to items and statements
a.b()
is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projectionEq
andIterBytes
implementations can be automatically generated with#[deriving_eq]
and#[deriving_iter_bytes]
respectively- Removed the special crate language for
.rc
files - Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
- Removed
-
Semantic changes
&
and~
pointers may point to objects- Tuple structs -
struct Foo(Bar, Baz)
. Will replace newtype enums. - Enum variants may be structs
- Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
- Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
- Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
without writing
move
explicitly &T
may now be coerced to*T
- Coercions happen in
let
statements as well as function calls use
statements now take crate-relative paths- The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are declared
-
Improved support for language features
- Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
- More support for explicit self arguments in methods -
self
,&self
@self
, and~self
all generally work as expected - Static methods work in more situations
- Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations to use
-
Libraries
- New condition handling system in
core::condition
- Timsort added to
std::sort
- New priority queue,
std::priority_queue
- Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
- Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
- Expanded
getopts
definitions - Moved futures to
std
- More functions are pure now
core::comm
renamed tooldcomm
. Still deprecatedrustdoc
andcargo
are libraries now
- New condition handling system in
-
Misc
- Added a preliminary REPL,
rusti
- License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
- Added a preliminary REPL,
-
~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
Syntax
- All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
- Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send', 'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
- Classes are replaced with simpler structs
- Explicit method self types
ret
becamereturn
andalt
becamematch
import
is nowuse
;use is now
extern mod`extern mod { ... }
is nowextern { ... }
use mod
is the recommended way to import modulespub
andpriv
replace deprecated export lists- The syntax of
match
pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>) main
no longer accepts an args vector; useos::args
instead
-
Semantics
- Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
- Trait methods may be static
- Argument modes are deprecated
- Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
- Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
- Typestate was removed
- Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
- Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
-
Libraries
- Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in `core::ops'
std::net::url
for representing URLs- Sendable hash maps in
core::send_map
- `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
-
Concurrency
- An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
along with a number of higher-level channel types, in
core::pipes
std::arc
, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory typestd::sync
, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes- Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
- More robust linked task failure
- Improved task builder API
- An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
along with a number of higher-level channel types, in
-
Other
- Improved error reporting
- Preliminary JIT support
- Preliminary work on precise GC
- Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
- Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to Rust-based (visitor) code
- All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
-
~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
-
New coding conveniences
- Integer-literal suffix inference
- Per-item control over warnings, errors
- #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
- Documentation comments
- More compact closure syntax
- 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as control structures
- *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
-
Semantic cleanup
- Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
- Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias analysis
- Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
- Extensive work on region pointers
-
Experimental new language features
- Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
- #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
- Destructors and iface implementation for classes; type-parameterized classes and class methods
- 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement shared-memory concurrency patterns
-
Type reflection
-
Removal of various obsolete features
-
Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind', 'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
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Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding, resources (replaced by destructors)
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Compiler reorganization
- Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
- Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
- Typechecker split into sub-modules
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New library code
- New time functions
- Extension methods for many built-in types
- Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
- Par: parallel map and search routines
- Extensive work on libuv interface
- Much vector code moved to libraries
- Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify, #include, #include_str, #include_bin
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Tool improvements
- Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
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1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
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New docs and doc tooling
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New port: FreeBSD x86_64
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Compilation model enhancements
- Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
- Functions now inlined across separate crates
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Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
- Noticeably improved message-passing performance
- Explicit schedulers
- Callbacks from C
- Helgrind clean
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Experimental new language features
- Operator overloading
- Region pointers
- Classes
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Various language extensions
- C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
- Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
- Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
- Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
- Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
- Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
- Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
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New library code
- AST quasi-quote syntax extension
- Revived libuv interface
- New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
- Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
- Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
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Most language features work, including:
- Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
- Interface-constrained generics
- Static interface dispatch
- Stack growth
- Multithread task scheduling
- Typestate predicates
- Failure unwinding, destructors
- Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
- Lightweight block-lambda syntax
- Preliminary macro-by-example
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Compiler works with the following configurations:
- Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
- macOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
- Windows: x86 hosts and targets
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Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
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Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
Known issues:
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Documentation is incomplete.
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Performance is below intended target.
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Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
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Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will break unexpectedly.