Improve error handling in quickstart setup script

[tmater]

Summary

Enhances the quickstart Docker Compose setup script with proper error detection and validation for all API calls. Each curl command now fails fast with clear error messages when requests fail or return invalid responses, making it easier to debug setup issues.

Testing

Manually tested the error handling by running the script with ALLOW_SETTING_S3_ENDPOINTS=false and validated that failures are properly detected and displayed:

polaris-setup-1  | ❌ Failed to create catalog
polaris-setup-1  | curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 400
polaris-setup-1  | {"error":{"message":"Explicitly setting S3 endpoints is not allowed.","type":"IllegalArgumentException","code":400}}

[dimas-b]

Thanks, @tmater !