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[dist] fix: preserve persistent buffers during meta random initialization - #967

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YLlllllllllll:fix/fsdp2-cpu-offload-compute-buffers
Oct 28, 2026
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YLlllllllllll:fix/fsdp2-cpu-offload-compute-buffers

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@YLlllllllllll YLlllllllllll commented Jul 23, 2026 •

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Summary

For a model randomly initialized from meta (weights_path is None), to_empty() can replace real, config-derived persistent buffers with uninitialized storage before init_weights() runs. Preserve those buffers during materialization, together with the non-persistent buffers already handled on main.

FSDP2 CPU offload already moves buffers to the compute device on main; this PR keeps that implementation and does not change parameter, gradient, or optimizer-state placement.

Behavior and scope

  • Preserve persistent buffers on the random-initialization path. init_weights() may still intentionally overwrite them.
  • On a DCP resume path, retain main's existing behavior: preserve non-persistent buffers and let the checkpoint restore persistent buffers and parameters.
  • Shared buffer aliases are not reconstructed; alias splitting in random initialization, HF/DCP loading or offload remains existing main behavior and is outside this PR. The earlier alias machinery and synthetic alias tests have been removed as requested.
  • A separate pre-existing Qwen4-Exp toy random-initialization probe exposed uninitialized router parameters; this buffer-only change does not address that issue or establish end-to-end random-training correctness. Loading a complete HF/DCP checkpoint is a distinct path.

Validation

  • CPU targeted random-init/resume and DCP regressions: 10 passed; one accelerator case skipped because the local environment has no accelerator.
  • The full Qwen4-Exp toy VLM constructed on CPU/meta has six independent registered buffers; all six retained their values in the targeted random-materialization check. This is not a complete training test.
  • make quality and git diff --check passed. The two-parent merge and narrowed code received independent review.
  • Actual NPU/GPU validation remains pending, including FSDP2 CPU offload, forward/backward/optimizer step and fresh-process DCP restoration. Existing runs on earlier PR heads do not validate this head.

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@github-actions github-actions Bot added the fix label Jul 23, 2026
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@Luosuu All CI checks passed on ff45cc7 (3 green) — ready to merge when you have a moment.

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Review summary

Baseline: main@1f586482f200, ahead by 1, behind by 60. No commit on main since the merge base touches the three files here, so no textual conflict, but a rebase before merge is advisable given the distance.

1. Does it solve a real problem? Yes, and I was able to confirm the root cause from the code rather than take the description on faith. parallelize_model_fsdp2 sets materialize_device = "cpu" if enable_fsdp_cpu_offload else get_device_type() (torch_parallelize.py:453) and then materializes the whole model with it, and Module.to_empty / the weight loaders apply to buffers as well as parameters. FSDP2 itself does move buffers to the compute device — _move_states_to_device in torch/distributed/fsdp/_fully_shard/_fsdp_init.py:289-321, called at :416 with the mesh device — but it explicitly skips tensors whose device.type == "meta", and in this function fully_shard runs before materialization. So FSDP2's own buffer move is a no-op here and nothing afterwards brings buffers back, leaving a non-DTensor buffer on CPU while activations are on the accelerator. CPUOffloadPolicy only manages sharded parameters and gradients, so it does not rescue this either.

2. Are comments / docs / tests complete? The docstrings are unusually good — both explain why rather than what, and the rewritten _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers docstring correctly states the new alias-group contract. Test coverage is thoughtful (aliased persistent/nonpersistent pairs, a None buffer, a DTensor alias case, and an end-to-end two-rank offload training + DCP cold-resume run). The gap is where those tests execute: tests/checkpoints/test_dcp_checkpointer.py is not enumerated in gpu_unit_tests.yml or npu_unit_tests.yml, so the one CPU-runnable regression test in this PR never runs in CI, and the new end-to-end test self-skips unless the runner exposes two accelerators.

3. Is it clean and consistent with main? Broadly yes — the helper is private, device-agnostic (get_device_type / get_device_id rather than torch.cuda.*), placed next to its sibling, and the new log line gives useful observability. Two things to tighten: the manual id-memoization duplicates what torch achieves more simply, and moved_bytes is computed from global rather than local numel for DTensors. There is also a quiet behaviour change worth calling out in the description (see inline).

Verdict: needs changes

The diagnosis and the placement of the fix are right, and I would be comfortable with this landing after the smaller points below. The two I would not wave through are the CI wiring (the regression this PR fixes is currently ungated) and the unexplained tightening of the skip conditions on two pre-existing tests.

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Comment thread veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py Resolved
Comment thread veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py Resolved
Comment thread veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py Resolved
Comment thread veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py Resolved
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@cursor[bot] The requested review fixes are now pushed to this PR's updated head. Please continue the review against the new head, with particular attention to the previously reported issues.

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@cursor[bot] Merge conflicts with upstream main are resolved, and the final reviewed fixes are now on the new head. Please re-review this updated head, especially the previously reported issues.

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@cursor Supplemental status against the current head 5fc05b9:

tests/checkpoints/test_dcp_checkpointer.py is now explicitly run in both the GPU and NPU unit-test workflows, and the CPU regression covers the buffer-alias/resume path without requiring two accelerators. The DTensor byte accounting now uses the local shard.

The remaining review item is explanatory/coverage-related: two pre-existing tests are intentionally skipped on CPU because they exercise accelerator-only behavior, and the multi-device path should be confirmed from the CI report rather than inferred from a green job. We will add the rationale/coverage evidence; this is not currently a correctness change. Please review the current head rather than the pre-sync baseline.

…ization

Resolve torch_parallelize.py against current main: preserve alias-group
rebinding, adopt main's meta-buffer warning/copy_, and document why the
accelerator FSDP2 tests skip on CPU.
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Merged current main at 8eff52ed5 and resolved veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py.

Conflict resolution:

  • keep this PR's buffer alias-group rebinding (to_empty() otherwise splits shared registrations)
  • absorb main's meta-buffer warning and copy_ into the materialized tensor
  • snapshot only all-nonpersistent groups; mixed persistent/nonpersistent groups stay checkpoint-authoritative

CPU skip reasons now point at tests/checkpoints/test_dcp_checkpointer.py (already in both GPU and NPU unit workflows). The two-device residency test stays in tests/utils/test_rank0_load_and_broadcast_weights.py and self-skips unless two accelerators are present.

@cursor please re-review this head.

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  • tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py

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Walkthrough

FSDP2 CPU-offload handling now preserves buffer values and aliases during materialization, device movement, and checkpoint loading. Tests cover shared-buffer loading, DTensor movement, DCP resume, and CPU-offloaded training. The training test is registered in the NPU CI suite.

Changes: CPU-offload buffer handling

Layer / File(s) Summary
Resolve and restore checkpoint buffer aliases
veomni/models/checkpoint/weights.py, veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py
Regular, EP-sharded, and rank-0 broadcast loaders resolve checkpoint buffer names through captured aliases and restore shared registrations after loading. Mapped-child loading also restores captured aliases.
Preserve and move model buffers
veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py
Materialization groups buffer registrations by tensor identity and preserves eligible buffers. Buffer movement preserves aliases, reports movement counts and local bytes, and uses the current device ID when applicable.
Test shared-buffer loading paths
tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py
CPU/Gloo tests check shared-buffer values and identity across persistence combinations, loaders, conversion layouts, DTensor rebinding, mapped-child loading, and rank-0 loading.
Validate CPU-offloaded training and resume
tests/utils/test_rank0_load_and_broadcast_weights.py, tests/checkpoints/test_dcp_checkpointer.py, scripts/ci/accelerator/suites/npu.json
Tests check buffer movement, DTensor shard placement, and DCP buffer restoration. The training test checks parameter, buffer, gradient, and optimizer-state placement, compares outputs, and saves and loads a DCP checkpoint. The test has a two-process launch mode and an NPU CI suite entry.

Priority: Normal

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes

Change: Bug fix

Possibly related PRs

Suggested labels: ci, ckpt

Suggested reviewers: coach257, foolplayer

Merge Risk: Minimal · up to b53cc

The previously identified buffer-value and alias risks are addressed in the current code. Normal accelerator qualification remains pending, but no actionable merge-blocking risk is established.

Security architecture risk: Low · up to 5654f

The change preserves shared buffer state without an identified new access path or privilege. Residual uncertainty remains around interrupted recovery and hardware-specific execution.

Retained concerns
No architecture-level concerns identified.

Security review details

Security Blast Radius

  • inferred — The demonstrated impact is on model state within training processes using shared materialization and CPU-offloaded FSDP2 placement. A failure can affect initialization or resume across participating ranks. The examined relationships do not establish expanded tenant, credential, service, or data-store authority; external deployment exposure remains unknown.

Trust Boundaries and Controls

  • inferred — Configured model and checkpoint paths continue through existing loading mechanisms before buffer placement. The patch does not establish a new attacker-controlled source or weaken loading authority checks. In particular, the existing rejection of skip-HF loading for trainable-only LoRA/PEFT checkpoints remains intact. Whether configured paths are attacker-controlled in a deployment is not established.
Pre-merge checks: Passed 4
Check name Status Explanation
Linked Issues check Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Description Check Passed Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check Passed The title "[dist] fix: preserve persistent buffers during meta random initialization" is partially related to the changeset. The diff centers on buffer placement and alias handling during FSDP2 CPU-of…
Full details: Title check

Explanation

The title "[dist] fix: preserve persistent buffers during meta random initialization" is partially related to the changeset. The diff centers on buffer placement and alias handling during FSDP2 CPU-offload materialization, and on random initialization in torch_parallelize.py. Persistent buffers are preserved during random initialization there, which matches the title. However, the title does not mention the main objective of the PR: keeping buffers on the compute device under FSDP2 CPU offload, and the alias preservation and DCP resume changes. The title is specific and does not use vague terms, so it does not fall under inconclusive.

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Actionable comments posted: 1

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Inline comments:
In @.github/workflows/gpu_unit_tests.yml:
- Around line 219-221: Prevent duplicate DCP regression execution by removing or
narrowing the step in .github/workflows/gpu_unit_tests.yml lines 219-221 to
test_cpu_offload_dcp_resume_restores_persistent_and_nonpersistent_buffers; apply
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Comment thread .github/workflows/gpu_unit_tests.yml Resolved
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Addressed the CodeRabbit finding on 601ec9940: the extra DCP checkpointer workflow steps are gone so that file runs once per GPU/NPU job. Please re-review this head.

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⚠️ Outside diff range comments (1)

🟠 Major · Restore buffer aliases after HF weight loading. · torch_parallelize.py:312

veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py:312
🗄️ Data Integrity & Integration | 🟠 Major | 🏗️ Heavy lift

Restore buffer aliases after HF weight loading.

The HF paths call model.to_empty() without _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers(). named_buffers() omits duplicate registrations, and _dispatch_buffer() updates only the collected registration. The other registrations can therefore retain separate uninitialized storage after materialization.

Apply the same alias-restoration logic to load_model_weights and rank0_load_and_broadcast_weights, then dispatch the checkpoint data.

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Review comment at @veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py at line 312:
Update load_model_weights and rank0_load_and_broadcast_weights to restore buffer
aliases after Hugging Face weight loading, matching the
_to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers() behavior before dispatching
checkpoint data. Ensure all duplicate buffer registrations share the restored
storage, then dispatch the checkpoint weights.

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Outside diff comments:
Review comments at @veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py:
- Line 312: Update load_model_weights and rank0_load_and_broadcast_weights to
restore buffer aliases after Hugging Face weight loading, matching the
_to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers() behavior before dispatching
checkpoint data. Ensure all duplicate buffer registrations share the restored
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Merged current upstream main aa7b2d169fe857d9051a2fdc6cc388efb38fe45d in 7bc7ccc7eb991015e39ec45294baa4da67894b75. Resolved the empty_cache conflict by retaining the upstream capability check (CPU no-op preserved), and aligned the added native offload test with upstream torchrun --standalone after upstream removed the old port-helper import. Buffer-placement/alias and checkpoint-resume behavior are retained. make quality passes; the targeted CPU/Gloo buffer and DCP suite passes (3 tests), and independent review passes. Native accelerator qualification remains pending CI.

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CI coverage audit fixed in 804d743ef09c1ff8cd33e57ff99478fcddb472c9: the existing native test_fsdp_cpu_offload_training_keeps_buffers_on_compute_device is now explicitly selected by the NPU unit suite. GPU coverage stays unchanged. This adds no model or optimizer behavior change.

Validation: make quality, exact test collection and CI inventory passed. The launch plan reserves two accelerators and matches the existing two-process worker. CPU alias/DCP regression evidence remains valid; actual NPU residency qualification is still pending CI approval/execution, not inferred from collection. Please review this final wiring change.

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Updated to 425774bbcc35faa0e9b5a2240489345e6f474576 with a normal main merge, resolving #1351 conflicts.

The upstream fused four-scenario worker is retained (broadcast/no-scatter × offload/no-offload). All9 PR-specific helper/test bodies are preserved, including buffer aliases, optimizer moments and the separate two-device FSDP offload forward/backward/DCP-resume gate. The original no-scatter coverage now runs through upstream's fused scenario. The NPU manifest keeps the dedicated offload gate alongside renamed upstream E2E selections.

Backend selection uses a deferred dataclass default factory so CPU-only helper tests remain importable; the native default and explicit CLI behavior are preserved. Independent review verified the parser and state scopes, both parents' coverage and source preservation. CPU buffer/DTensor/DCP-resume regressions pass (3 independent checks); formatting/lint passed. Native FSDP hardware acceptance still requires current-head CI.

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Fixed the shared-HF-buffer finding in23a86a02730f80e58b1a7af6490ffc990efbf447. Confirmed the old head with real CPU safetensors loading: to_empty split registrations, and a persistent child alias could be treated as unexpected when the first registration was nonpersistent.

All three HF loaders now retain the original alias names, route any alias checkpoint key to the canonical snapshot, then restore registrations after final dispatch (including DTensor replacement). Composed child-mapping loads also carry the just-loaded shared value into the next child. Persistence flags stay unchanged; the guarantee covers tensor-object aliases, not independent views sharing storage. QSA, CP, packing and optimizer arithmetic are unchanged.

Validation:49 new CPU cases cover all four persistence combinations, direct/renamed/finalized checkpoint keys, all three loaders' whole-buffer paths, DTensor replacement and both cross-child mapping orders; the real two-rank Gloo receiver case also passes under enforced CI launch planning. Together with existing converter/loading/resume, LoRA and buffer-move checks,337 CPU cases pass. Independent review and quality pass. The new file is collected by both accelerator manifests with explicit zero-card CPU plans. Native offload/training acceptance remains pending current-head CI; these CPU results are not a native qualification claim.

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⚠️ Outside diff range comments (1)

Major · Preserve mixed-persistence buffer aliases during random initialization. · torch_parallelize.py:90

veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py:90
🎯 Functional Correctness | 🟠 Major | ⚡ Quick win

Preserve mixed-persistence buffer aliases during random initialization.

If one registration is persistent and another is nonpersistent, this condition skips their shared value. The weights_path is None path then calls to_empty() without loading a checkpoint. If init_weights() does not rebuild that buffer, both aliases retain uninitialized data. Preserve the group’s initial value when no checkpoint will restore it; keep checkpoint authority on the resume path.

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Review comment at @veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py at line 90:
Update the buffer-registration handling around `registrations` so mixed
persistent and nonpersistent aliases retain their shared initial value when
`weights_path` is `None` and `to_empty()` is used. Keep checkpoint-loaded values
authoritative when resuming from a weights path.

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Outside diff comments:
Review comments at @veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py:
- Line 90: Update the buffer-registration handling around `registrations` so
mixed persistent and nonpersistent aliases retain their shared initial value
when `weights_path` is `None` and `to_empty()` is used. Keep checkpoint-loaded
values authoritative when resuming from a weights path.

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Fixed the follow-up outside-diff finding in 75ec4732db91a720ce6011dfff2733462fa9b090. The CPU red case confirmed mixed-persistence aliases lost their constructor values on random init. Materialization now snapshots all real buffers for random init; the resume path still snapshots only groups that the checkpoint cannot restore. init_weights() can overwrite initial values as intended, and persistent checkpoint keys remain authoritative on resume.

Added12 CPU regressions across all four persistence combinations, initializer overwrite and strict resume checks; the resumed model is explicitly checked before and after checkpoint loading.349 relevant CPU checks pass, including LoRA and the prior HF/Gloo/DTensor cases. Independent review additionally passed73 checks; quality passes. The61 shared-buffer cases all have zero-card CPU plans. No NPU result is inferred from these tests.

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🧹 Nitpick comments: 1
tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py: 1

110-110: Trivial · Functional Correctness · Heavy lift

Add accelerator coverage for random-initialization materialization.

The CPU test covers constructor values and alias identity, but the changed path calls model.to_empty(device=device) before random initialization and then restores aliases. This test file always uses CPU, so it does not exercise that behavior with an accelerator. Add one CUDA or NPU case that keeps the existing value and alias assertions and checks device placement.

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Review comment at @tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py at line 110:
The shared-buffer loading test only exercises CPU; add one CUDA or NPU case that
covers the `to_empty` random-initialization path, retaining the existing
constructor-value and alias-identity assertions and verifying that the resulting
tensors are on the selected accelerator.

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Nitpick comments:
Review comments at @tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py:
- Line 110: The shared-buffer loading test only exercises CPU; add one CUDA or
NPU case that covers the `to_empty` random-initialization path, retaining the
existing constructor-value and alias-identity assertions and verifying that the
resulting tensors are on the selected accelerator.

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Addressed the accelerator-coverage request in b53ccf5. Added a one-card native random-initialization test on the selected runtime: all four persistence pairs, initializer overwrite off/on, exact constructor/initialized values, shared-object identity, optional buffer and every parameter/buffer device. CUDA/NPU selection uses the framework helpers; an unavailable selected runtime fails explicitly.

The file is now mixed-device with per-case plans:61 CPU cases retain their prior zero-card plans (including the CPU2 receiver case), plus one accelerator case. Both GPU/NPU manifests already collect the file. CPU regression61 passed/1 native skip; collection and CUDA/NPU routing-only checks passed, as did quality and independent review. Native execution is not claimed from those CPU checks; please approve the new-head CI.

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Please significantly simplify this PR down to only preserving persistent=True buffers during meta random initialization (weights_path is None):

  1. Moving buffers to the compute device under FSDP2 CPU offload is already supported on main:

    • main already has _move_buffers_to_device(model, get_device_type()) in veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py (landed in #962), so replacing it with _move_model_buffers_to_device and the extra byte-counting/id-memoization machinery is redundant.
  2. Drop the shared-buffer alias / mixed-persistence tracking (_get_buffer_aliases / _restore_buffer_aliases):

    • There is no need to over-engineer for synthetic corner cases where multiple modules register the same buffer tensor object as aliases with mixed persistent=True/False flags. Please revert all changes to veomni/models/checkpoint/weights.py, drop tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py, and remove the alias-group tracking from torch_parallelize.py.
  3. Keep only the preserve_persistent_buffers fix in _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers:

    • The only gap on main is that when weights_path is None (random initialization from meta without a checkpoint), to_empty() wipes persistent=True buffers (e.g., Qwen4-Exp PLE constant tables) and nothing restores them. Extending _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers with preserve_persistent_buffers: bool = False (selecting module._buffers.keys() when True vs module._non_persistent_buffers_set when False) and passing preserve_persistent_buffers=not should_skip_hf_weight_load is a clean ~5-line fix.


def _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers(model: nn.Module, device: str) -> None:
"""Materialize parameters without discarding config-derived buffers.
def _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers(

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Please simplify _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers to only add preserve_persistent_buffers: bool = False on top of main's existing implementation (i.e. iterating module._buffers.keys() when preserve_persistent_buffers=True and module._non_persistent_buffers_set when False), without the buffer_groups alias-tracking machinery.

Comment thread veomni/distributed/torch_parallelize.py Outdated
canonical_buffer.copy_(snapshot.to(device=canonical_buffer.device, dtype=canonical_buffer.dtype))
for module, name in registrations:
module._buffers[name] = canonical_buffer

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_move_buffers_to_device(model, get_device_type()) is already on main (lines 300-312 and 903-904). Please keep main's existing _move_buffers_to_device implementation and remove _move_model_buffers_to_device.

Comment thread veomni/models/checkpoint/weights.py Outdated
module._parameters[local_name].data.copy_(tensor)


def _get_buffer_aliases(model: "nn.Module") -> Dict[str, str]:

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Please revert all changes to veomni/models/checkpoint/weights.py (and remove tests/models/base/test_shared_buffer_loading.py). We do not need _get_buffer_aliases / _restore_buffer_aliases across the weight loaders for synthetic shared-buffer alias corner cases.

@YLlllllllllll YLlllllllllll changed the title [dist] fix: keep FSDP2 buffers on compute device with CPU offload [dist] fix: preserve persistent buffers during meta random initialization Oct 28, 2026
@YLlllllllllll

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@Coach257 Addressed your scope and simplification requests in 8a5d06fee78dcb11e64839923d5bc92fb160e7fd:

  • Kept main's existing _move_buffers_to_device and removed the duplicate migration and alias-tracking machinery.
  • Reverted the weight-loader changes and removed the shared-buffer synthetic suite.
  • _to_empty_preserving_nonpersistent_buffers now optionally preserves persistent buffers for random initialization; checkpoint resume keeps main's loader-authoritative behavior.

The PR is now two files, +104/-5 against current main. Targeted CPU random-init/resume and DCP tests passed (10 passed; the native accelerator case skipped), as did make quality and independent code review. Native NPU/GPU FSDP and fresh-process DCP verification is still pending; the previous head's device evidence is not claimed for this one.

One scope note: shared buffer identity can still split under existing main's materialization/loading paths; this PR no longer claims to handle those aliases. A separate Qwen4-Exp toy random-init probe also exposed an upstream router initialization issue, outside this buffer change. I documented both limitations in the PR description. Could you re-review the narrowed implementation and, when appropriate, approve the required CI?

@Coach257
Coach257 merged commit f501938 into ByteDance-Seed:main Oct 28, 2026
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