2dust · 2dust · Aug 7, 2026 · Aug 5, 2026 · Aug 5, 2026 · Aug 5, 2026
diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreConfigManager.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreConfigManager.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.google.gson.JsonArray
 import com.google.gson.JsonObject
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ConfigResult
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
@@ -34,7 +35,11 @@ object CoreConfigManager {
     fun getV2rayConfig(context: Context, guid: String): ConfigResult {
         try {
             val configContext = CoreConfigContextBuilder.build(context, guid)
-                ?: return ConfigResult(status = false, guid = guid, errorMessage = "Failed to build config context")
+                ?: return ConfigResult(
+                    status = false,
+                    guid = guid,
+                    errorMessage = context.getString(R.string.core_error_build_config_context)
+                )
             if (configContext.isCustom) {
                 return buildV2rayCustomConfig(configContext)
             }
@@ -44,7 +49,10 @@ object CoreConfigManager {
             return ConfigResult(
                 status = false,
                 guid = guid,
-                errorMessage = "Failed to get V2ray config: ${e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName}"
+                errorMessage = context.getString(
+                    R.string.core_error_get_config_detail,
+                    e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+                )
             )
         }
     }
@@ -57,7 +65,11 @@ object CoreConfigManager {
     fun getV2rayConfig4Speedtest(context: Context, guid: String): ConfigResult {
         try {
             val configContext = CoreConfigContextBuilder.build(context, guid)
-                ?: return ConfigResult(status = false, guid = guid, errorMessage = "Failed to build config context")
+                ?: return ConfigResult(
+                    status = false,
+                    guid = guid,
+                    errorMessage = context.getString(R.string.core_error_build_config_context)
+                )
             if (configContext.isCustom) {
                 return buildV2rayCustomConfig(configContext)
             }
@@ -70,7 +82,10 @@ object CoreConfigManager {
             return ConfigResult(
                 status = false,
                 guid = guid,
-                errorMessage = "Failed to get V2ray config for speedtest: ${e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName}"
+                errorMessage = context.getString(
+                    R.string.core_error_get_speedtest_config_detail,
+                    e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+                )
             )
         }
     }
@@ -81,7 +96,11 @@ object CoreConfigManager {
     private fun buildV2rayCustomConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): ConfigResult {
         val context = configContext.context
         val raw = MmkvManager.decodeServerRaw(configContext.guid)
-            ?: return ConfigResult(status = false, guid = configContext.guid, errorMessage = "Custom config is empty")
+            ?: return ConfigResult(
+                status = false,
+                guid = configContext.guid,
+                errorMessage = context.getString(R.string.core_error_custom_config_empty)
+            )
         val result = ConfigResult(true, configContext.guid, raw)
 
         val json = JsonUtil.parseString(raw)?.takeIf { it.isJsonObject }?.asJsonObject ?: return result

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreNativeManager.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreNativeManager.kt
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ object CoreNativeManager {
      *
      * @return Version string of the V2Ray core
      */
-    fun getLibVersion(): String {
+    fun getLibVersion(): String? {
         return try {
             Libv2ray.checkVersionX()
         } catch (e: Exception) {
             LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to check V2Ray version", e)
-            "Unknown"
+            null
         }
     }
 

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreServiceManager.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/core/CoreServiceManager.kt
@@ -120,14 +120,16 @@ object CoreServiceManager {
 
     @Throws(Exception::class)
     private fun launchCore(service: Service, vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?, isReload: Boolean = false) {
-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer() ?: error("No server selected")
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: error("Failed to decode server config")
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+            ?: error(service.getString(R.string.core_error_no_server_selected))
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
+            ?: error(service.getString(R.string.core_error_decode_server_config))
 
         LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting core loop for ${config.remarks}")
         val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
         LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, result.content)
         if (!result.status) {
-            error(result.errorMessage.ifBlank { "Failed to get V2Ray config" })
+            error(result.errorMessage.ifBlank { service.getString(R.string.core_error_get_config) })
         }
 
         currentConfig = config
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ object CoreServiceManager {
         coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
 
         if (!isRunning()) {
-            error("Core failed to start")
+            error(service.getString(R.string.core_error_start))
         }
 
         if (browserDialer != null) {
@@ -321,14 +323,16 @@ object CoreServiceManager {
                 time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl())
             } catch (e: Exception) {
                 LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
-                errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
+                errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":")
+                    ?: service.getString(R.string.connection_test_empty_message)
             }
             if (time == -1L) {
                 try {
                     time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl(true))
                 } catch (e: Exception) {
                     LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
-                    errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
+                    errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":")
+                        ?: service.getString(R.string.connection_test_empty_message)
                 }
             }
 
@@ -341,7 +345,7 @@ object CoreServiceManager {
 
             // Only fetch IP info if the delay test was successful
             if (time >= 0) {
-                SpeedtestManager.getRemoteIPInfo()?.let { ip ->
+                SpeedtestManager.getRemoteIPInfo(service.getString(R.string.value_unknown))?.let { ip ->
                     MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, "$result\n$ip")
                 }
             }

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/enums/PermissionType.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/enums/PermissionType.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.enums
 import android.Manifest
 import android.os.Build
 import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import androidx.annotation.StringRes
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
 
 /**
  * Permission types used in the app, handling API level differences.
@@ -28,12 +30,13 @@ enum class PermissionType {
     /** Return the actual Android permission string */
     abstract fun getPermission(): String
 
-    /** Return a human-readable label for the permission */
-    fun getLabel(): String {
+    /** Return the string resource for the human-readable permission label. */
+    @StringRes
+    fun getLabelRes(): Int {
         return when (this) {
-            CAMERA -> "Camera"
-            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> "Notification"
-            ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK -> "Local Network"
+            CAMERA -> R.string.permission_camera
+            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> R.string.permission_notification
+            ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK -> R.string.permission_local_network
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/handler/SpeedtestManager.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/handler/SpeedtestManager.kt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
         return -1
     }
 
-    fun getRemoteIPInfo(): String? {
+    fun getRemoteIPInfo(unknownLabel: String): String? {
         val url = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_IP_API_URL)
             .takeIf { !it.isNullOrBlank() } ?: AppConfig.IP_API_URL
 
@@ -81,6 +81,6 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
             ipInfo.location?.country_code
         ).firstOrNull { !it.isNullOrBlank() }
 
-        return "(${country ?: "unknown"}) ${ip ?: "unknown"}"
+        return "(${country ?: unknownLabel}) ${ip ?: unknownLabel}"
     }
 }
diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/helper/PermissionHelper.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/helper/PermissionHelper.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,10 @@ class PermissionHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
                 if (isGranted) {
                     onGranted()
                 } else {
-                    val message = "${activity.getString(R.string.toast_permission_denied)}  ${permissionType.getLabel()}"
+                    val message = activity.getString(
+                        R.string.toast_permission_denied_for,
+                        activity.getString(permissionType.getLabelRes())
+                    )
                     activity.toast(message)
                 }
             }

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/service/SubscriptionUpdateService.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/service/SubscriptionUpdateService.kt
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class SubscriptionUpdateService : Service() {
         showNotification(
             context = this,
             titleResId = R.string.title_pref_auto_update_subscription,
-            content = "Updating ${subItem.remarks}"
+            content = getString(R.string.subscription_update_updating, subItem.remarks)
         )
 
         if (forcedUpdate || MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_UPDATE_SUBSCRIPTION, false)) {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class SubscriptionUpdateService : Service() {
     private fun handleWorkerEvent(event: RealPingEvent, remarks: String, onWorkerDone: () -> Unit) {
         when (event) {
             is RealPingEvent.Progress -> {
-                val text = "${event.text} in $remarks"
+                val text = getString(R.string.subscription_update_progress, event.text, remarks)
                 showNotification(
                     context = this,
                     titleResId = R.string.title_real_ping_all_server,

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/AboutActivity.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/AboutActivity.kt
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ fun AboutScreen(onBackClick: () -> Unit) {
     val context = LocalContext.current
     var showOssDialog by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
 
-    val versionText = "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (${CoreNativeManager.getLibVersion()})"
+    val libVersion = CoreNativeManager.getLibVersion() ?: stringResource(R.string.value_unknown)
+    val versionText = "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} ($libVersion)"
     val appIdText = BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID
 
     Scaffold(

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/ScannerActivity.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/ScannerActivity.kt
@@ -179,7 +179,9 @@ fun ScannerScreen(
                                 if (isScanning) R.drawable.ic_stop_24dp
                                 else R.drawable.ic_scan_24dp
                             ),
-                            contentDescription = if (isScanning) "stop scan" else "start scan"
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(
+                                if (isScanning) R.string.acc_stop_scanner else R.string.acc_start_scanner
+                            )
                         )
                     }
                     if (isScanning && hasTorch) {
@@ -194,14 +196,17 @@ fun ScannerScreen(
                                     if (torchEnabled) R.drawable.ic_flash_on_24dp
                                     else R.drawable.ic_flash_off_24dp
                                 ),
-                                contentDescription = "Torch"
+                                contentDescription = stringResource(
+                                    if (torchEnabled) R.string.acc_turn_torch_off
+                                    else R.string.acc_turn_torch_on
+                                )
                             )
                         }
                     }
                     IconButton(onClick = onSelectPhoto) {
                         Icon(
                             painterResource(R.drawable.ic_image_24dp),
-                            contentDescription = "select image"
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_select_image)
                         )
                     }
                 }
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ private fun ScannerIdlePlaceholder(onStartClick: () -> Unit) {
         Column(horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally) {
             Icon(
                 painter = painterResource(R.drawable.ic_scan_24dp),
-                contentDescription = "Start Scanner",
+                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_start_scanner),
                 modifier = Modifier.size(80.dp),
                 tint = MaterialTheme.colorScheme.primary
             )

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/apppicker/AppPickerActivity.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/apppicker/AppPickerActivity.kt
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ fun AppPickerScreen(
                         IconButton(onClick = { showSearch = true }) {
                             Icon(
                                 painterResource(R.drawable.ic_search_24dp),
-                                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.menu_item_search)
+                                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_search)
                             )
                         }
                     }

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/checkupdate/CheckUpdateActivity.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/checkupdate/CheckUpdateActivity.kt
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ fun CheckUpdateScreen(
     val showUpdateDialog by viewModel.showUpdateDialog.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
     val updateResult by viewModel.updateResult.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
 
-    val versionText = "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (${CoreNativeManager.getLibVersion()})"
+    val libVersion = CoreNativeManager.getLibVersion() ?: stringResource(R.string.value_unknown)
+    val versionText = "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} ($libVersion)"
 
     Scaffold(
         contentWindowInsets = ScaffoldDefaults.contentWindowInsets,

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/compose/Components.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/compose/Components.kt
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.hapticfeedback.HapticFeedbackType
 import androidx.compose.ui.layout.ContentScale
 import androidx.compose.ui.platform.LocalHapticFeedback
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.painterResource
+import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.TextStyle
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.input.ImeAction
 import androidx.compose.ui.text.style.TextOverflow
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ fun AppTopBar(
                     IconButton(onClick = if (isSearchActive) onSearchClose else onBackClick) {
                         Icon(
                             painter = painterResource(R.drawable.ic_arrow_back_24dp),
-                            contentDescription = "Back"
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_back)
                         )
                     }
                 }

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/compose/Dialog.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/compose/Dialog.kt
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ fun QRCodeDialog(
         text = {
             Image(
                 bitmap = bitmap.asImageBitmap(),
-                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.title_qr_code),
+                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_qr_code),
                 modifier = Modifier
                     .fillMaxWidth()
                     .aspectRatio(1f)

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/logcat/LogcatActivity.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/logcat/LogcatActivity.kt
@@ -159,28 +159,28 @@ fun LogcatScreen(
                         IconButton(onClick = { showSearch = true }) {
                             Icon(
                                 painterResource(R.drawable.ic_search_24dp),
-                                contentDescription = "filter"
+                                contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_search)
                             )
                         }
                     }
                     IconButton(onClick = { viewModel.copyLogcat() }) {
                         Icon(
                             painterResource(R.drawable.ic_copy),
-                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.logcat_copy)
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_copy_log)
                         )
                     }
                     IconButton(onClick = { onShareLogcat() }) {
                         Icon(
                             painterResource(R.drawable.ic_share_24dp),
-                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.logcat_share)
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_share_log)
                         )
                     }
                     IconButton(onClick = {
                         scope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) { viewModel.clearLogcat() }
                     }) {
                         Icon(
                             painterResource(R.drawable.ic_delete_24dp),
-                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.logcat_clear)
+                            contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_clear_log)
                         )
                     }
                 }
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ fun LogcatScreen(
             }) {
                 Icon(
                     painterResource(R.drawable.ic_restore_24dp),
-                    contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.pull_down_to_refresh)
+                    contentDescription = stringResource(R.string.acc_refresh)
                 )
             }
         }

diff --git a/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/main/MainBottomBar.kt b/V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/main/MainBottomBar.kt
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.Alignment
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.graphics.Color
 import androidx.compose.ui.res.painterResource
+import androidx.compose.ui.res.stringResource
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.AppDivider
@@ -75,7 +76,9 @@ fun MainBottomBar(
             Icon(
                 painter = if (isRunning) painterResource(R.drawable.ic_stop_24dp)
                 else painterResource(R.drawable.ic_play_24dp),
-                contentDescription = if (isRunning) "Stop" else "Start",
+                contentDescription = stringResource(
+                    if (isRunning) R.string.acc_stop else R.string.acc_start
+                ),
                 tint = Color.White,
                 modifier = Modifier.size(24.dp)
             )