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[Benchmark] Add Responses API backend to vllm bench serve - #54628

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@QHarshil QHarshil commented Aug 31, 2026

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Purpose

vllm bench serve cannot benchmark /v1/responses. ASYNC_REQUEST_FUNCS covers completions, chat, audio, embeddings, pooling and rerank, and there is an explicit # TODO: Add more request functions for different API protocols. right above it, but no Responses request function. This adds an openai-responses backend so the Responses protocol can be measured directly instead of routing the same workload through /v1/chat/completions.

The Responses stream is not shaped like the Chat Completions stream, so this is not the chat function with a different URL.

Framing. _convert_stream_to_sse_events emits event: <type>\ndata: <json>\n\n, so message.removeprefix("data: ") does not recover the payload. I added _extract_sse_data for the Responses path and left the Completions and Chat Completions loops untouched. It returns None for SSE comments, so the keep-alive comments added in #51034 are skipped rather than counted as tokens.

TTFT. Several events arrive before any token (response.created, response.in_progress, response.output_item.added, response.content_part.added). Only response.output_text.delta and response.reasoning_text.delta start the clock and contribute ITL. Reasoning deltas are included because the server is already decoding when it emits them, so excluding them would report an entire reasoning phase as time to first token.

Generated text. Only response.output_text.delta is accumulated. This is what openai-chat already does: the parser emits DeltaMessage(reasoning=...) with content unset, so a reasoning chunk sets TTFT and ITL but adds nothing to generated_text.

E2EL and usage. Latency stops at the last token event, so latency - ttft equals sum(itl) and TPOT is comparable with the other endpoints. This matches #55508, which fixed the same accounting on chat and audio. input_tokens / output_tokens come from the usage block on response.completed.

vLLM always ends a stream with response.completed, including on truncation, where it carries status: "incomplete". The spec's response.incomplete, response.failed and error terminals are accepted too, since vllm bench serve can be pointed at other Responses servers, but vLLM does not emit them and the comments say so. Every event type string in the patch is one of the Literal values in openai.types.responses.

A stream that ends without any terminal event is failed rather than counted, so a proxy cutting the connection after a token cannot silently contribute a short E2EL and a missing usage block.

The payload sends store: false. It defaults to true, and a server started with VLLM_ENABLE_RESPONSES_API_STORE=1 never evicts stored responses (serving.py says so in a FIXME), so a long run would grow the server heap.

One fix outside the request function: the sonnet dataset chose its prompt formatting by comparing the backend against openai-chat, so openai-responses received a client-side rendered chat template that the server then rendered a second time. It now takes the chat-style branch.

OPENAI_COMPATIBLE_BACKENDS

Membership enables two things: --ignore-eos by default on random datasets, and the sampling parameter flags. I checked each against ResponsesRequest. ignore_eos, temperature, top_p, top_k, frequency_penalty, presence_penalty and repetition_penalty are all real fields. min_p is not, and OpenAIBaseModel sets extra="allow", so the server would drop it with only a debug log. bench serve therefore rejects --min-p for this backend. A test validates the emitted payload against ResponsesRequest so this cannot drift silently.

Out of scope

One streamed text generation request per prompt. No built-in tools, MCP, previous_response_id, background responses or tool call latency accounting. Multimodal datasets are already rejected for backends outside multimodal_backends.

Test Plan

pytest -v tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py
pre-commit run --files vllm/benchmarks/lib/endpoint_request_func.py vllm/benchmarks/serve.py tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py docs/benchmarking/cli.md

The tests drive the real request function against a local aiohttp server over a real socket, so the event: line, the token event types, the keep-alive comment and the usage block are all exercised end to end. They need no GPU and are picked up by the existing Benchmarks CLI step.

The mock end-to-end run below is retained because it pins exact expected timings. A real GPU run against a live vllm serve follows it. This change is client side only and cannot affect model output, so no accuracy eval applies.

Test Result

tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_backend_is_registered_as_openai_compatible PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_request_payload_is_accepted_by_the_server_schema PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_latency_accounting_matches_the_other_endpoints PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_usage_is_taken_from_the_terminal_event PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_incomplete_response_is_a_successful_request[response.completed] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_incomplete_response_is_a_successful_request[response.incomplete] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_output_survives_transport_chunk_boundaries[1] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_output_survives_transport_chunk_boundaries[3] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_output_survives_transport_chunk_boundaries[7] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_output_survives_transport_chunk_boundaries[64] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_unicode_line_separators_do_not_truncate_the_payload[u2028] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_unicode_line_separators_do_not_truncate_the_payload[u2029] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_unicode_line_separators_do_not_truncate_the_payload[u0085] PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_empty_data_line_is_skipped PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_prompt_len_falls_back_when_usage_is_absent PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_multi_line_data_payload_is_joined_with_newlines PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_done_sentinel_is_skipped PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_error_before_any_token_reports_the_server_error PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_http_error_is_not_reported_as_success PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_stream_without_tokens_is_not_reported_as_success PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_truncated_stream_is_not_reported_as_success PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_mid_stream_error_is_not_reported_as_success PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_data_only_framing_is_still_parsed PASSED
tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py::test_endpoint_path_is_validated PASSED

24 passed in 1.08s

pre-commit run --files on the four changed files passes every hook, including mypy-3.10 and mypy-3.12 --hook-stage manual.

I mutated the implementation and reran the tests. Each mutation below is caught:

Mutation Result
Ignore response.reasoning_text.delta 1 failed
Extend E2EL to the terminal event instead of the last token 1 failed
Fold reasoning text into generated_text 1 failed
Start TTFT on any event 9 failed
Treat a keep-alive comment as a token event 1 failed
Strip data: instead of extracting it 11 failed
Drop the usage block 1 failed
Swallow a mid-stream error 1 failed
Treat a stream with no tokens as success 1 failed
Accept a stream truncated before the terminal event 1 failed
split("\n") back to splitlines() 3 failed
Let an empty data: line through to json.loads 1 failed
Send store: true 1 failed
Count response.reasoning_part.added as a token 2 failed
Count response.output_text.done as a token 1 failed
Report the no-TTFT message over the server's error 2 failed
Ignore --served-model-name 1 failed
Drop extra_headers / x-request-id 1 failed
Drop the prompt_len fallback 1 failed
Drop output.start_time 1 failed
Return only the first data: line 1 failed
Drop the [DONE] guard 1 failed

End to end run against the mock, 40 prompts, --custom-output-len 24, --max-concurrency 4:

============ Serving Benchmark Result ============
Successful requests:                     40
Failed requests:                         0
Maximum request concurrency:             4
Benchmark duration (s):                  1.68
Total input tokens:                      440
Total generated tokens:                  960
Request throughput (req/s):              23.80
Output token throughput (tok/s):         571.31
Total token throughput (tok/s):          833.16
---------------Time to First Token----------------
Mean TTFT (ms):                          36.98
Median TTFT (ms):                        36.05
P99 TTFT (ms):                           53.00
-----Time per Output Token (excl. 1st token)------
Mean TPOT (ms):                          5.48
Median TPOT (ms):                        5.47
P99 TPOT (ms):                           5.71
---------------Inter-token Latency----------------
Mean ITL (ms):                           5.48
Median ITL (ms):                         5.47
P99 ITL (ms):                            6.39
----------------End-to-end Latency----------------
Mean E2EL (ms):                          163.02
Median E2EL (ms):                        160.47
P99 E2EL (ms):                           179.92
==================================================

The mock emits a reasoning delta after sleeping 20 to 50 ms, then 23 output text deltas 5 ms apart, then response.completed reporting 11 input and 24 output tokens. Every reported number reconciles with that: TTFT 37.0 ms, ITL 5.48 ms, total input 440 = 40 x 11, total generated 960 = 40 x 24, and E2EL 163 ms against an expected 37 + 23 x 5.5.

Real GPU verification

Live vllm serve on an RTX 4070 Laptop (8 GiB, sm_89), driver 616.56 / CUDA 13.4,
Ubuntu on WSL2, torch 2.13.0+cu130, vLLM 0.28.1rc1.dev174+g37f5dca3f.precompiled.

WSL2 required two upstream flags, unrelated to this PR:
VLLM_WSL2_ENABLE_PIN_MEMORY=1 (Model Runner V2 allocates a UvaBuffer and pinned
memory is off by default on WSL2) and VLLM_USE_FLASHINFER_SAMPLER=0 (FlashInfer JIT
requires nvcc, absent from the image; all runs are greedy). No source was patched.

Backend parity

Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct, random dataset 512 in / 128 out, 32 prompts,
--max-concurrency 8 --ignore-eos --temperature 0.0 --seed 42, one warm server, both
orders. Each run is bracketed by a scrape of vllm:time_to_first_token_seconds so the
client's TTFT can be compared against the server's own measurement.

Round Backend ok Gen tok Server TTFT Client TTFT Overhead ITL tok/s
1 openai-responses 32/32 4096 96.9 107.4 +10.5 5.54 1270.3
1 openai-chat 32/32 4096 117.0 129.2 +12.2 5.65 1197.2
1 openai 32/32 4096 105.3 113.7 +8.4 5.30 1296.7
2 openai 32/32 4096 98.0 110.0 +12.0 5.23 1320.0
2 openai-chat 32/32 4096 114.0 125.0 +11.0 5.29 1272.1
2 openai-responses 32/32 4096 108.1 119.7 +11.6 5.39 1283.2

(ms unless noted.) Client overhead above the server's measurement is +8.4 to +12.2 ms
across all three backends. Every run generated exactly 4096 tokens (32 x 128),
confirming ignore_eos reaches ResponsesRequest.

At --max-concurrency 32, 96 prompts x 96 output tokens: 96/96 successful, exactly
9216 generated tokens, 3029.8 output tok/s.

Reasoning deltas in TTFT

Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B --reasoning-parser qwen3, single stream containing both phases:

reasoning / output deltas 185 / 2
first response.reasoning_text.delta 0.3341 s
first response.output_text.delta 1.4664 s
reported TTFT 0.0234 s
generated_text '\n\n4', 3 chars; 722 chars of reasoning excluded
ITL samples 121, against 2 output deltas

Counting only response.output_text.delta would report TTFT as ~1.47 s instead of
~0.02 s, folding the 1.13 s reasoning phase into it. This is what the
Ignore response.reasoning_text.delta mutation row asserts, now confirmed on a real
reasoning model.

Wire format and edge cases

Raw SSE capture confirms the event: <type> line before each data: line, one
output_text.delta per token (24 deltas for max_output_tokens: 24), the four
token-free metadata events preceding the first delta, and the terminal event arriving
as type: response.completed with status: "incomplete" on length truncation.

  • --min-p rejected for openai-responses, still accepted for openai-chat.
  • --endpoint /v1/chat/completions with this backend raises the path validation error.
  • sonnet routing: with RNG seeded identically, openai-responses produces
    byte-identical unrendered prompts to openai-chat; openai still receives the
    rendered prompt.

Not a duplicate. gh pr list --state open --search over responses in:title bench,
bench serve backend in:title and openai-responses in:body returns no other PR
adding a benchmark backend for the Responses API. The other open Responses PRs are
server-side fixes; the closest, #54064, implements server-side usage tracking, which
this backend consumes rather than duplicates. Same shape as #26641.

AI assistance was used for this change, including the GPU verification above. I
have reviewed every changed line and can defend the design end to end.


Essential Elements of an Effective PR Description Checklist
  • The purpose of the PR, such as "Fix some issue (link existing issues this PR will resolve)".
  • The test plan, such as providing test command.
  • The test results, such as pasting the results comparison before and after, or e2e results
  • (Optional) The necessary documentation update, such as updating supported_models.md and examples for a new model.

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Documentation preview: https://vllm--54628.org.readthedocs.build/en/54628/

@mergify mergify Bot added documentation Improvements or additions to documentation performance Performance-related issues labels Aug 31, 2026

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Comment thread vllm/benchmarks/lib/endpoint_request_func.py
@QHarshil

QHarshil commented Sep 2, 2026

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@DarkLight1337 would you have time to review this, or know someone better placed? vllm/benchmarks/ has no CODEOWNERS entry, and this is the same shape as #26641.

The red check is policy rather than code: pre-run-check gates pre-commit on a first-PR author rule I don't meet, so pre-commit is skipped rather than failing. I ran the same hooks locally over all five changed files and they pass, including mypy-3.10 and mypy-3.12 --hook-stage manual. pytest tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py is 24 passed.

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I don't think it's a good idea to develop this without an actual GPU to test it. Please verify this on your own end first before requesting review.

@QHarshil

QHarshil commented Sep 2, 2026

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@DarkLight1337 Verified on a real GPU, results in the PR description.

Environment: RTX 4070 Laptop (sm_89), CUDA 13.4, Ubuntu on WSL2, live vllm serve. WSL2 needed two upstream flags, VLLM_WSL2_ENABLE_PIN_MEMORY=1 and VLLM_USE_FLASHINFER_SAMPLER=0. No source was patched.

Two results relevant to your concern:

Parity. The same workload through openai-responses, openai-chat and openai against one warm server, run in both orders. Each run is bracketed by a scrape of vllm:time_to_first_token_seconds, so client-reported TTFT is compared against the server's own measurement rather than assumed. Client overhead is +8.4 to +12.2 ms across all three backends, and every run generated exactly 4096 tokens. At --max-concurrency 32, 96/96 requests and exactly 9216 generated tokens.

Reasoning deltas. On Qwen3-0.6B --reasoning-parser qwen3 the first reasoning delta arrives at 0.334 s and the first output delta at 1.466 s. Counting only response.output_text.delta would report TTFT as ~1.47 s instead of ~0.02 s, folding the 1.13 s reasoning phase into it. The scripted-stream tests cannot establish that.

Also confirmed live: the event: line before each data: line, one delta per token, and response.completed carrying status: "incomplete" on length truncation.

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@chaunceyjiang could you take a look? I'm not really familiar with Responses API

@QHarshil
QHarshil force-pushed the feat/bench-responses-api branch from 37f5dca to bc77458 Compare September 8, 2026 06:23
@QHarshil

QHarshil commented Sep 8, 2026

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@chaunceyjiang mind taking a look? @DarkLight1337 passed this over.

Rebased onto main just now and aligned the no-token rejection with #54708, which landed the same pattern for chat and audio after this PR opened. GPU verification (backend parity against openai-chat and openai, and the reasoning-delta TTFT measurement) is in the description.

QHarshil and others added 3 commits September 14, 2026 15:00
vllm bench serve has no way to benchmark /v1/responses. Add an
openai-responses backend so the Responses protocol can be measured
directly instead of routing the same workload through
/v1/chat/completions.

The Responses stream frames every message as "event: <type>" followed by
a "data:" line, so the existing "data: " prefix strip does not recover
the payload. Add an SSE data extractor for the Responses path and leave
the Completions and Chat Completions loops untouched. The extractor
returns None for SSE comments, so keep-alive comments are skipped rather
than timed.

Several events arrive before any token, so only response.output_text.delta
and response.reasoning_text.delta start the TTFT clock and contribute ITL.
Reasoning deltas are included because the server is already decoding when
it emits them. Only output text is collected as generated text, which is
what openai-chat already does with DeltaMessage.reasoning. End to end latency
runs to the terminal event, and token counts come from the usage block it
carries.

Sampling parameter flags and ignore_eos all map onto real ResponsesRequest
fields, so the backend joins OPENAI_COMPATIBLE_BACKENDS. min_p has no
field on that model and would be dropped without an error, so bench serve
rejects --min-p for this backend.

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: QHarshil <harshil_c@hotmail.com>
A server or proxy can close the SSE connection cleanly after a token delta
but before response.completed. The loop then ends without an exception and
the request was being counted as successful with no usage block and an
E2EL that stops at the last token received, which quietly skews the
results. Track whether a terminal event arrived and fail the request when
it did not.

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: QHarshil <harshil_c@hotmail.com>
Fixes found while auditing the client against what the server actually
emits.

_extract_sse_data used str.splitlines(), which breaks on U+2028, U+2029
and U+0085 in addition to newlines. Those are legal unescaped inside a
JSON string and pydantic emits them raw, so a model generating one would
truncate the data line and fail the request on valid output. Split on
"\n" instead. The test helper used json.dumps, whose default
ensure_ascii escaped exactly those characters, so the mock could not
reproduce the server. It now serializes the way pydantic does.

An empty "data:" line produced an empty payload that reached json.loads
and failed the request.

The payload now sends store=false. It defaults to true, and a server
started with VLLM_ENABLE_RESPONSES_API_STORE=1 never evicts stored
responses, so a long run would grow the server heap.

The sonnet dataset picked its prompt formatting by comparing the backend
against openai-chat, so openai-responses got a client-side rendered chat
template that the server then rendered again.

Corrects comments that described vLLM as emitting response.incomplete,
mid-stream error events and SSE keep-alives on this route. It emits none
of them today; the handling stays for other Responses servers. vLLM
signals truncation as response.completed carrying an incomplete status,
which is now the tested shape.

Widens the two tightest timing bounds in the latency test. asyncio.sleep
deadlines are absolute, so a scheduling stall between the last delta and
the client reading it shrank the end-to-end margin one for one, leaving
about 60ms before a false failure. It is now about 150ms.

Extends the mock with the reasoning_part.added and .done events the
server sends around deltas, and adds cases for multi-line data payloads,
[DONE], error before the first token, absent usage, request headers and
the served model name.

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Signed-off-by: QHarshil <harshil_c@hotmail.com>
@QHarshil
QHarshil force-pushed the feat/bench-responses-api branch from bc77458 to b1078df Compare September 14, 2026 22:07
@QHarshil

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@yewentao256 mind taking a look? You reviewed #54708 and #54887 on this file. @chaunceyjiang @DarkLight1337 for visibility.

Rebased onto main and aligned E2E latency accounting with #55508: the request now ends at the last token event, so latency - ttft equals sum(itl) and TPOT is comparable with the other endpoints. The terminal event is still required, it just gates success and carries usage rather than extending the clock.

GPU verification is in the description.

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Thanks for your PR. I'll take a look at it sometime soon.

Also, could you provide a complete test command and vllm serves command? That would make it convenient for me to test locally.

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@chaunceyjiang

Thanks for taking a look. Here is a minimal end-to-end setup.

Server:

vllm serve Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct
--served-model-name Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct

Benchmark:

vllm bench serve
--backend openai-responses
--model Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct
--dataset-name random
--random-input-len 512
--random-output-len 128
--num-prompts 32
--max-concurrency 8
--ignore-eos
--temperature 0.0
--seed 42

And the targeted test suite is:

pytest -v tests/benchmarks/test_responses_request_func.py

For the reasoning-delta path I used:

vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B
--reasoning-parser qwen3

then the same openai-responses backend against that server.

On my WSL2 setup I additionally needed VLLM_WSL2_ENABLE_PIN_MEMORY=1 and VLLM_USE_FLASHINFER_SAMPLER=0, but those were environment-specific and are not required for the feature itself.

Let me know if you’d like the exact command I used for the 32-concurrency stress run as well.

cc @yewentao256 @DarkLight1337

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