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[Bugfix][Core] Fail requests the KV cache pool can never hold instead of retrying them forever - #52530

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@malaiwah malaiwah commented Aug 16, 2026 •

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Purpose

Fixes #52520.

The symptom

On a hybrid Mamba + full-attention model with --mamba-cache-mode align, a request
whose length is near the KV pool ceiling is accepted, chunk-prefilled to ~99 % of
the pool, descheduled when the last chunk cannot be allocated — and then never
scheduled again. Zero output tokens, the whole prefill discarded, and the only
observable is vllm:num_requests_waiting_by_reason{reason="capacity"} = 1, which is
indistinguishable from a healthy server that is momentarily full. The HTTP request
never returns.

The engine boots happily into this state: _check_enough_kv_cache_memory passes.

The mechanism

Two bounds describe the same quantity — how many blocks one max_model_len request
can hold at once — and they are computed by different code that does not agree.

Startup sizes the pool from each spec's max_memory_usage_bytes
(vllm/v1/core/kv_cache_utils.py:2189-2198). For a hybrid Mamba model in align mode
that is cdiv(max_model_len, block_size) blocks for the attention group plus
2 + num_speculative_blocks for the Mamba group
(vllm/v1/kv_cache_interface.py:687-696). It compares that against all the
blocks the pool will have. But BlockPool permanently reserves one block as the null
block (vllm/v1/core/block_pool.py:188-191), so only num_blocks - 1 are ever
available to a request. A pool built at exactly the startup minimum is one usable
block short of one max_model_len request, and startup does not notice.

Runtime admission (vllm/v1/core/kv_cache_manager.py:475-491, reached with
scheduler_reserve_full_isl — default True) asks the coordinator for the same
quantity, but through the per-step allocators. For the Mamba align group that path
returns 1 + num_speculative_blocks on a first prefill
(vllm/v1/core/single_type_kv_cache_manager.py:1529-1540), one block below the peak
the spec itself states, because a later step allocates the next state block before
remove_skipped_blocks retires the one from two steps ago. So admission asks for one
block less than the pool is short by, and admits.

The request then chunk-prefills until the final chunk needs the block that does not
exist. It is the only running request, so it preempts itself
(vllm/v1/core/sched/scheduler.py:676-688): num_computed_tokens back to 0, all
blocks freed, requeued. On the next step the same gate now also has to count the
blocks the discarded prefill left in the prefix cache as evictable, so it refuses —
and keeps refusing. The request is stuck, and the prefill is gone.

Measured on unmodified main at 4d2a68d64d9e05921ed5c4099146e768a92d71d5, CPU only,
no model weights: hybrid full-attention + Mamba(align), block_size=16,
max_model_len=1024, num_speculative_blocks=3, max_num_batched_tokens=256. The
startup bound is cdiv(1024,16)=64 + (2+3)=5 = 69 blocks, and
get_kv_cache_configs accepts a 69-block pool:

pool of 69 blocks: startup check accepts=True (num_blocks=69)
  pool=69 blocks, free at start=68 (one block is BlockPool's null block)
    step   0 scheduled=  256 computed=  256 free= 48 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
    step   1 scheduled=  256 computed=  512 free= 31 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
    step   2 scheduled=  256 computed=  768 free= 15 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
    step   3 scheduled=  240 computed= 1008 free=  0 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
    step   4 scheduled=    0 computed=    0 free= 68 status=PREEMPTED preemptions=1
    step   5 scheduled=    0 computed=    0 free= 68 status=PREEMPTED preemptions=1
    ... 19 more identical steps ...
  VERDICT prompt=1023: finished=False computed=0 preemptions=1 status=PREEMPTED

pool of 70 blocks: startup check accepts=True (num_blocks=70)
    step   3 scheduled=  240 computed= 1008 free=  1 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
    step   4 scheduled=   15 computed= 1023 free=  0 status=RUNNING preemptions=0
  VERDICT prompt=1023: finished=False computed=1023 preemptions=0 status=RUNNING

One block of headroom is the entire difference. Note that the prefill dies at exactly
1008 tokens, which is (69 - 1 - 5) * 16 — the sequence length the pool can actually
serve.

The fix

One function computes the bound, and it is the function the startup error message
already uses:

  • max_servable_num_tokens(vllm_config, kv_cache_groups, num_blocks) in
    kv_cache_utils.py — the longest sequence a pool of num_blocks blocks can hold
    for one request. It is _estimate_max_model_len_from_groups (the helper behind
    "the estimated maximum model length" that _check_enough_kv_cache_memory prints)
    evaluated against num_blocks - 1 blocks, i.e. against the capacity BlockPool
    will actually hand out. It returns None for group layouts that cannot be priced
    per block — exactly the layouts whose pool was not sized per block either — so it
    never invents a bound the startup check did not apply.
  • Scheduler evaluates it once at construction. When it is below max_model_len the
    configuration cannot serve its own window, which is logged at ERROR with the
    number the operator needs. A request past the bound can never be scheduled at any
    future time, however much drains, so add_request fails it immediately instead of
    queueing it: no prefill is spent, nothing is preempted, and the client gets a
    terminal response rather than a request that never returns.

So there is one bound with two call sites, which is the point:
_estimate_max_model_len_from_groups is called by the startup check
(kv_cache_utils.py:2234, via _check_enough_kv_cache_memory) and now by
max_servable_num_tokens, which is what the scheduler admits against. Neither side
can grow its own formula without the other seeing it.

The failure uses RequestStatus.FINISHED_IGNORED, which vllm/v1/request.py already
documents as the status for "requests whose prompt lengths are longer than the
model's length cap", mapping to finish_reason="length". FinishReason.ERROR is
documented as a retryable internal error always converted to a 500, which is the
wrong contract here. Returning a literal 400 would mean exposing the pool-derived
bound to input_processor._validate_prompt_len, where max_model_len is validated;
happy to do that in a follow-up if maintainers prefer it — it is a frontend/engine-core
plumbing change and I kept it out of this PR.

Behaviour is unchanged whenever the pool covers max_model_len, which is every
correctly-sized deployment: the bound is then >= max_model_len, _is_unservable
short-circuits on the first comparison, and nothing is rejected. The 70-block row
above is byte-for-byte identical before and after.

Relationship to #47272 — scoped around it, not a duplicate

I read #47272 ("Reserve the KV null block when validating max_model_len") before
writing any code, and this PR is deliberately scoped around it.

Other prior art I checked: #40946 (merged) is the design precedent — it fixed the
same class of defect (startup pool sizing and runtime admission using different
formulas) for SWA/chunked-local by putting the bound in one method called from both
sites, and this PR follows that shape. #35541 (closed not-planned/stale) asked for
"abort requests that can never fit in the KV cache block pool with a clear error
rather than hanging indefinitely" — this is that, for the mechanism above. #40384
is why the numbers here are stated in blocks and tokens rather than inverted from the
GPU KV cache size log line, which on a hybrid model is
num_blocks // len(kv_cache_groups) * min_block_size.

Scope of the claim

The field trace in #52520 came from a downstream fork build on a hybrid Qwen3.5
model (261,794-token request, --enable-prefix-caching --mamba-cache-mode align, MTP
depth 3, pool within ~1 % of the window; 63 full re-prefills over 656 s with zero
output tokens). The mechanism above is upstream code, and everything in this PR is
demonstrated on stock main at 4d2a68d64d9e05921ed5c4099146e768a92d71d5 by the
CPU-only unit test below — no GPU, no model weights, no fork code involved.

One part of the original report I could not reproduce on main and am therefore
not claiming: vllm:num_preemptions_total staying at 0.0 across the re-prefills.
On main the self-preemption path does increment request.num_preemptions and record
EngineCoreEventType.PREEMPTED, which IterationStats counts into
vllm:num_preemptions_total. So there is no accounting fix here, and I am not filing
one. (With this PR the point is moot for this defect: nothing is preempted, because
nothing is admitted, and the operator gets two ERROR lines naming the limit.)

The decode case, added in the second commit

Review raised it and I measured it on the same stock-main harness: the admission
gate bounds a request on num_tokens + 1, but a generate request grows to
prompt + max_tokens. With block_size 16, max_model_len 1024 and the 69-block
pool above (max_servable_num_tokens 1008), prompt=1000, max_tokens=24 clears the
frontend (1000 + 24 <= 1024, vllm/renderers/params.py:210,442) and clears
admission (1000 + 1 <= 1008), and then reaches 1009 tokens at output token 9. On
main it is preempted there, is now too long to re-prefill, and the next 3987
scheduler steps schedule zero tokens, produce no output and leave all 68 blocks
free
— the same terminal state as the prefill case, reached through decode.

Bounding admission on num_tokens + max_tokens would close it, but would refuse
requests that stop well before the wall: on that same pool, max_tokens=8 runs to
completion in 12 steps. So the ceiling is applied where it belongs, as a length cap:
check_stop takes max_servable_num_tokens instead of max_model_len. Those are
equal on every pool that covers its window — _estimate_max_model_len_from_groups
searches with right = original_max (vllm/v1/core/kv_cache_utils.py:1960), and the
scheduler falls back to max_model_len when there is no per-block bound — so the
common path is unchanged. Where they differ the request stops on the ceiling and
returns its tokens with finish_reason: length, exactly as if max_model_len had
been set to what the pool can serve.

That is one bound with three call sites: startup sizing, admission, and the length
cap.

The spec-decode lookahead can also reach past the ceiling, because the running path
asks for 1 + len(spec_token_ids) slots. Measured on stock main with drafts
injected: it preempts twice and then finishes, because preemption clears
spec_token_ids and the retry decodes into the cap. Bounded and self-correcting, so
sched/scheduler.py:605 is left alone.

Test Plan

pytest tests/v1/core/test_kv_pool_unservable_requests.py
# surrounding suite, unchanged behaviour:
pytest tests/v1/core/

tests/v1/core/test_kv_pool_unservable_requests.py is CPU-only
(pytestmark = pytest.mark.cpu_test), built the same way as
tests/v1/core/test_mamba_align_chunk_split.py: a real Scheduler over a hand-built
hybrid KVCacheConfig, driven with schedule() / update_from_output(). No model
weights, no GPU. Seven cases:

  1. test_max_servable_num_tokens_reserves_the_null_block — the bound is
    (69 - 1 - 5) * 16 = 1008 at the startup minimum, and >= max_model_len with one
    block of headroom.
  2. test_unservable_request_is_failed_not_prefilled_and_retried — the regression
    test. A 1023-token request on the 69-block pool: nothing is scheduled, it is
    finished as FINISHED_IGNORED, num_computed_tokens == 0,
    num_preemptions == 0, and no unfinished request is left behind.
  3. test_request_at_the_bound_is_failed_because_it_needs_an_output_slot — the bound
    is a sequence length, so a prompt of exactly 1008 is already too long (it was the
    one length that prefilled fully on main and then stalled on its first decode
    step).
  4. test_servable_request_at_the_same_pool_still_runs — 1007 tokens on the same
    69-block pool prefills fully, decodes, and finishes. The bound must not
    over-reject.
  5. test_pool_with_headroom_serves_the_whole_window — 1023 tokens on a 70-block pool
    behaves exactly as before this PR.
  6. test_generation_stops_at_the_bound_instead_of_stalling_mid_decode — the decode
    regression test. prompt=1000, max_tokens=24 on the 69-block pool clears both
    length checks, then must finish FINISHED_LENGTH_CAPPED at 1008 tokens with
    num_preemptions == 0 and nothing left unfinished.
  7. test_generation_is_not_capped_when_the_pool_covers_the_window — the same request
    with one block of headroom must still produce all 24 tokens, so the length cap
    cannot silently truncate generation on the common path.

Test Result

The new file, checked out on top of unmodified main at 4d2a68d6 (the fix reverted,
the test kept), fails:

$ git checkout HEAD -- vllm/ && pytest tests/v1/core/test_kv_pool_unservable_requests.py -q
FAILED test_max_servable_num_tokens_reserves_the_null_block
  - AttributeError: 'Scheduler' object has no attribute 'max_servable_num_tokens'
FAILED test_unservable_request_is_failed_not_prefilled_and_retried
  - AssertionError: assert not {'0': 256}
FAILED test_request_at_the_bound_is_failed_because_it_needs_an_output_slot
  - AssertionError: assert not {'0': 256}
FAILED test_generation_stops_at_the_bound_instead_of_stalling_mid_decode
  - AttributeError: 'Scheduler' object has no attribute 'max_servable_num_tokens'
FAILED test_generation_is_not_capped_when_the_pool_covers_the_window
  - AttributeError: 'Scheduler' object has no attribute 'max_servable_num_tokens'
5 failed, 2 passed, 14 warnings in 4.81s

{'0': 256} is main admitting the unservable request and scheduling the first
256-token prefill chunk of the sequence it will then throw away. The two that pass
before and after are the two "must still work" directions — they are there to catch
over-rejection and over-capping, and they must never have gone red.

Reverting only the one-line length cap and keeping everything else isolates the
decode case:

$ sed -i 's/self.max_servable_num_tokens)/self.max_model_len)/' <the check_stop call>
$ pytest tests/v1/core/test_kv_pool_unservable_requests.py -q
FAILED test_generation_stops_at_the_bound_instead_of_stalling_mid_decode
  - assert <RequestStatus.PREEMPTED: 6> == <RequestStatus.FINISHED_LENGTH_CAPPED: 8>
1 failed, 6 passed, 14 warnings in 4.92s

With the fix:

$ pytest tests/v1/core/test_kv_pool_unservable_requests.py -q
.......                                                                  [100%]
7 passed, 14 warnings in 4.71s

Surrounding suite, same command on 4d2a68d6 and on this branch:

main @ 4d2a68d6 : 2 failed, 495 passed, 2 errors in 348.75s
this branch     : 2 failed, 502 passed, 2 errors in 375.92s

The same two failures and the same two setup errors occur on both, all environmental
in my CPU-only sandbox and unrelated to this change: failures in
test_scheduler.py::test_async_scheduling_pp_allows_rescheduling_with_output_placeholders
and test_reset_prefix_cache_e2e.py::test_reset_prefix_cache_e2e, and setup errors on
test_concurrent_partial_prefill and test_prefix_cache_stats_is_recorded — all four
need a GPU-backed engine core. The +7 are the new tests.

Two existing tests build a Scheduler with object.__new__ and set its attributes by
hand; they each gain one line for the new unservable_reqs set and one for
max_servable_num_tokens
(tests/v1/core/test_scheduler.py, tests/v1/core/test_async_scheduler.py).

Lint gates on the changed files:

$ ruff check <changed files>          # 0.14.0, as pinned in .pre-commit-config.yaml
All checks passed!
$ ruff format --check <changed files>
5 files already formatted
$ typos --force-exclude <changed files>
(clean)
$ python tools/pre_commit/mypy.py 3.12 <changed files>   # mypy 1.20.2
Success: no issues found in 2 source files
Success: no issues found in 3 source files

AI assistance was used to investigate and draft this change; every changed line was
reviewed, and the reproduction, the tests and the lint gates were run locally as
described above.


Essential Elements of an Effective PR Description Checklist
  • The purpose of the PR, such as "Fix some issue (link existing issues this PR will resolve)".
  • The test plan, such as providing test command.
  • The test results, such as pasting the results comparison before and after, or e2e results
  • (Optional) The necessary documentation update, such as updating supported_models.md and examples for a new model. — none needed: no new model, flag, or user-facing configuration.

… of retrying them forever

On a hybrid Mamba + full-attention model in `--mamba-cache-mode align`, a
request near the KV pool ceiling is admitted, chunk-prefilled to ~99% of the
pool, descheduled when the last chunk cannot be allocated, and then never
scheduled again: zero output tokens, the prefill discarded, and the HTTP
request never returns.

Startup sizes the pool from each spec's `max_memory_usage_bytes` but compares
against all blocks, while `BlockPool` permanently reserves one as the null
block, so a pool built at exactly the startup minimum is one usable block short
of one `max_model_len` request. Runtime admission uses the per-step allocators,
which ask for one block less than the pool is short by on a first prefill, so
it admits a request no future pool state can hold.

Add `max_servable_num_tokens()` in `kv_cache_utils`: the longest sequence a pool
of `num_blocks` blocks can hold for one request, computed with the same
`_estimate_max_model_len_from_groups` helper the startup check reports as "the
estimated maximum model length", evaluated against `num_blocks - 1` blocks. The
scheduler evaluates it once at construction, logs an error when it is below
`max_model_len`, and fails an over-long request at admission as
`FINISHED_IGNORED` instead of queueing it forever. Behaviour is unchanged
whenever the pool covers `max_model_len`.

Fixes vllm-project#52520.

Signed-off-by: Michel Belleau <michel.belleau@malaiwah.com>

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The null-block accounting is the right diagnosis. BlockPool pops one block as
the null block at core/block_pool.py:190, so the pool really does have one
fewer usable block than the startup check prices, and
usable_blocks = max(num_blocks - 1, 0) matches that exactly.

Two things I checked so the next reviewer doesn't have to:

  • The deferred cleanup does not hang. unservable_reqs sit in no queue, but
    the PR adds them to get_num_unfinished_requests, which feeds
    has_unfinished_requests (sched/interface.py:176) and then has_requests,
    so EngineCore.step does not take its early return and update_from_output
    is reached. Sound.
  • The max_servable >= max_model_len short-circuit in _is_unservable keeps
    this free on the common path.

One scoping question. _is_unservable uses request.num_tokens + 1, which at
admission is the prompt plus one output slot, but a generate request grows to
prompt + max_tokens. With max_model_len=8192 and
max_servable_num_tokens=8000:

prompt=7000, max_tokens=1000
  frontend       7000 + 1000 = 8000 <= 8192  accepted
  _is_unservable 7000 + 1    = 7001 <= 8000  admitted
  at token 8000  needs a block the pool does not have

That request is descheduled mid-generation and re-prefills into the same wall,
which is the symptom this PR removes for prefill. Is the decode case out of
scope deliberately, on the grounds that the gap between max_servable and
max_model_len is only ever a block or two? If it can be wider, bounding on
num_tokens + max_tokens for generate requests would close it.

@malaiwah

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Thank you - and the decode case is a real gap, not a deliberate exclusion. You are right about the arithmetic: _is_unservable bounds on num_tokens + 1, so prompt=7000, max_tokens=1000 against max_servable_num_tokens=8000 is admitted and then walks into the same wall at token 8000.

I would rather measure that than argue it, so I am reproducing your exact example on unmodified upstream main on the same CPU-only harness this PR was gated on (hybrid FullAttention + Mamba, no GPU, no weights), to establish first whether the decode case livelocks the way the prefill case does - descheduled, re-prefilled, num_preemptions_total climbing forever with no progress - or whether it merely preempts and eventually completes. That distinction decides the fix:

  • If it livelocks, it is the same defect and belongs in this PR.
  • If it terminates, then bounding admission on num_tokens + max_tokens would reject requests that would have hit EOS long before the wall, which is a behaviour change on a common path rather than a bug fix - and the better remedy is to fail the request at the point of exhaustion with a clear error rather than to refuse it at admission.

On the gap width, your framing is the right one: if max_servable were only ever a block or two below max_model_len the case would be marginal, but it is not bounded that way - the null block is one block, the speculative reserve is num_speculative_blocks, and both scale independently of max_model_len, so the gap can be wide enough to matter with a large max_tokens.

I will report the measurement here either way, including if it shows the decode case is benign and this PR should stay scoped to admission. Thanks also for checking the deferred-cleanup path against has_unfinished_requests - that was the part I was least able to prove without a second pair of eyes.

…x_model_len

The admission gate in the previous commit bounds a request on `num_tokens + 1`,
but a generate request grows to `prompt + max_tokens`. A request that clears
both the frontend's `prompt + max_tokens <= max_model_len` check and admission
can still walk into a block the pool does not have, during decode.

Measured on unmodified main at 4d2a68d, CPU
only, on the harness this branch was gated on: block_size 16, max_model_len
1024, a 69-block pool (max_servable_num_tokens = 1008), prompt=1000 and
max_tokens=24. The sequence reaches 1009 tokens at output token 9 and is
preempted there; 1009 is then longer than the pool can re-prefill, so the next
3987 scheduler steps scheduled zero tokens, produced no output and left all 68
blocks free. `vllm:num_preemptions_total` increments once and never again. The
decode case collapses into the prefill case of vllm-project#52520 rather than having a
failure mode of its own.

Bounding admission on `num_tokens + max_tokens` would close it, but would also
refuse requests that stop long before the wall: the same pool runs
prompt=1000/max_tokens=8 to completion in 12 steps. Treat the pool's ceiling as
what it is instead -- a length cap. `check_stop` now takes
`max_servable_num_tokens`, which equals `max_model_len` on every pool that
covers its window, so the common path is byte-for-byte unchanged; where they
differ the request stops on the ceiling and returns the tokens it produced with
finish_reason `length`, exactly as if `max_model_len` had been set to what the
pool can serve.

Signed-off-by: Michel Belleau <michel.belleau@malaiwah.com>
@malaiwah

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Measured: it livelocks. The decode case is the same defect, not a deliberate exclusion, and it is now fixed in this PR.

Reproduction on unmodified upstream main @ 4d2a68d64d9e05921ed5c4099146e768a92d71d5, CPU only

Same harness this PR was gated on, with the sequence split across the prefill/decode boundary instead of living entirely in the prompt:

block_size=16  max_model_len=1024  num_speculative_blocks=3  max_num_batched_tokens=256
pool = 69 blocks == exactly what get_kv_cache_configs accepts;  max_servable_num_tokens = 1008

request: prompt=1000  max_tokens=24  ignore_eos
  frontend        1000 + 24 = 1024 <= 1024   accepted   (renderers/params.py:210, :442)
  _is_unservable  1000 +  1 = 1001 <= 1008   admitted
  decode wall     1008 is reached at output token 9

Your example, one order of magnitude down. The trace:

step  0 sched= 256 computed= 256 seq_len=1000 out= 0 free=48 RUNNING    preempt=0
step  3 sched= 224 computed= 992 seq_len=1000 out= 0 free= 1 RUNNING    preempt=0
step  4 sched=   8 computed=1000 seq_len=1001 out= 1 free= 0 RUNNING    preempt=0
step  5 sched=   1 computed=1001 seq_len=1002 out= 2 free= 1 RUNNING    preempt=0
...
step 11 sched=   1 computed=1007 seq_len=1008 out= 8 free= 1 RUNNING    preempt=0
step 12 sched=   1 computed=1008 seq_len=1009 out= 9 free= 1 RUNNING    preempt=0
step 13 sched=   0 computed=   0 seq_len=1009 out= 9 free=68 PREEMPTED  preempt=1
step 14 ... step 3999   sched=0  computed=0  out=9  free=68  PREEMPTED  preempt=1

Observation window: 4000 scheduler steps. 3987 of them scheduled zero tokens and produced zero output; the last 3986 also freed nothing, with the whole 68-block pool sitting idle. This is not slow-but-progressing, it is stopped.

Two controls in the same run, so the harness is not the thing being measured:

run pool request result
decode-over-ceiling 69 blocks prompt 1000, max_tokens 24 never finishes, 9/24 tokens, stalled from step 13 to step 3999
control, one spare block 70 blocks prompt 1000, max_tokens 24 finishes 24/24 in 28 steps, 0 preemptions
control, under the ceiling 69 blocks prompt 1000, max_tokens 8 finishes 8/8 in 12 steps, 0 preemptions

One correction to the signature I expected. vllm:num_preemptions_total increments once and then stops — it does not climb. The request is preempted at token 1009, and 1009 > 1008 means it is now too long for its own re-prefill, so it collapses straight into the state #52520 describes: scheduled=0 forever, waiting non-empty, pool idle, one EngineCoreEventType.PREEMPTED event ever. The decode case does not have a distinct failure mode; it walks into the prefill case.

The fix, and why not the bound you suggested

num_tokens + max_tokens at admission does catch this request. It also refuses every request that asks for generous headroom and stops long before the wall — and the third row of the table above is that request: prompt=1000, max_tokens=8 runs to completion on the very same 69-block pool. Rejecting on max_tokens trades a livelock for a false rejection on the common path, and callers routinely send max_tokens an order of magnitude above what the model actually emits.

So the bound belongs at the point of exhaustion, and it is one line:

-            stopped = check_stop(request, self.max_model_len)
+            stopped = check_stop(request, self.max_servable_num_tokens)

max_servable_num_tokens <= max_model_len holds by construction — _estimate_max_model_len_from_groups binary-searches with right = original_max (kv_cache_utils.py:1960 on main) — and the scheduler already falls back to max_model_len itself when there is no per-block bound to price. So on every pool that covers its window this is byte-for-byte the call it was. Where they differ, the request stops on the pool's ceiling and returns what it produced with finish_reason: length, exactly as if max_model_len had been set to what the pool can actually serve. In the repro it now finishes 8/24 in 12 steps with zero preemptions instead of freezing at 9/24 forever.

I considered failing it with an error at exhaustion instead, and rejected that too: by the time the ceiling is hit the client has already been streamed 8 tokens, and length is the truthful reason — the sequence hit a context limit, just a lower one than advertised. The operator gets the actionable version once, at startup, from the logger.error that already fires; it now also names the generation ceiling.

That makes it one bound with three call sites — startup sizing, admission, and the length cap — which is the shape #40946 settled on.

Gap width

You asked whether the gap can be wider than a block or two. I measured rather than argued, and the answer corrects something I wrote earlier in this thread.

The gap is exactly one block, never more, and it is ((max_model_len - 1) mod block_size) + 1 tokens — i.e. however much of its last block max_model_len occupies. It is also zero as soon as the pool has one block more than the startup minimum. Fourteen configurations, on unmodified main:

  block max_model_len nspec  need smallest_ok servable  gap_tok gap_blk | +1blk_servable +1blk_gap
     16          1024     3    69          69     1008       16    1.00 |           1024         0
     16          1024     0    66          69     1008       16    1.00 |           1024         0
     16          1000     3    68          68      992        8    0.50 |           1000         0
     16          1009     3    69          69     1008        1    0.06 |           1009         0
     16          4096     3   261         261     4080       16    1.00 |           4096         0
     32          1024     3    37          37      992       32    1.00 |           1024         0
     64          1024     3    21          21      960       64    1.00 |           1024         0
    128          1024     3    13          13      896      128    1.00 |           1024         0
    128          8192     3    69          69     8064      128    1.00 |           8192         0
    128          8192    16    82          78     8192        0    0.00 |           8192         0
     16          8192    16   530         526     8192        0    0.00 |           8192         0
    256          8192     8    42          38     8192        0    0.00 |           8192         0
    256          8192     0    34          37     7936      256    1.00 |           8192         0
    512         32768     8    74          70    32768        0    0.00 |          32768         0

Contributors, with what each one is actually worth:

  • The null block — the entire gap. BlockPool pops one block at core/block_pool.py:190, and _check_enough_kv_cache_memory is handed the byte count for all blocks (kv_cache_utils.py:2193). Since that check also refuses any pool below the minimum, the pool is short by exactly one block or by nothing at all. One block, never two.
  • Block rounding — decides how much of that block is lost. _max_memory_usage_bytes_from_groups sums cdiv(spec_bytes, page_size) per group (kv_cache_utils.py:1933) and FullAttentionSpec.max_memory_usage_bytes is cdiv(max_model_len, block_size) * page_size (kv_cache_interface.py:305), so the lost block costs whatever max_model_len occupies in its last block: the full block_size when it divides evenly, less otherwise. Rows 3 and 4 above are max_model_len 1000 and 1009 at block_size 16 — 8 tokens and 1 token.
  • The speculative reserve — not a contributor. I was wrong about this above. MambaSpec.max_memory_usage_bytes charges 2 + num_speculative_blocks blocks in align mode (kv_cache_interface.py:694), but it charges the same amount on both sides of the comparison, so it moves the requirement and the ceiling together. Rows 1 and 2 are num_speculative_blocks 3 and 0 at the same block size, and both gaps are 16.
  • One spare block closes it completely, because the estimator's binary search is capped at max_model_len (kv_cache_utils.py:1960). Every row's right-hand columns are 0.

So the gap is bounded by block_size rather than unbounded — but block_size is 128 or 256 in plenty of real deployments, and the block_size=128, max_model_len=8192 row lands at 8064 vs 8192, which is within touching distance of the 8000/8192 you wrote by hand. Your read on the magnitude was right; the mechanism is one block, not an accumulation of three.

One thing I checked and deliberately did not change

The running-request path asks the allocator for 1 + len(spec_token_ids) slots, so a draft proposal can reach past the ceiling before the length cap can fire. I injected drafts into the same harness on stock main: the request preempts twice around the ceiling and then finishes, because preemption clears spec_token_ids (sched/scheduler.py:1389) and the retry decodes one token at a time straight into the cap. Bounded and self-correcting, identical before and after this PR. I left scheduler.py:605 alone rather than widen the diff on something I could not show was broken.

Tests

Two new cases in the existing file, same style:

  • test_generation_stops_at_the_bound_instead_of_stalling_mid_decode — asserts the request clears both length checks, then must finish FINISHED_LENGTH_CAPPED at SERVABLE_LEN with num_preemptions == 0 and nothing left unfinished. With only the check_stop line reverted: 1 failed, 6 passed, assert RequestStatus.PREEMPTED == RequestStatus.FINISHED_LENGTH_CAPPED.
  • test_generation_is_not_capped_when_the_pool_covers_the_window — the same request with one block of headroom must still produce all 24 tokens, so the cap cannot silently truncate generation on the common path. This one passes both before and after, by design.

On unmodified main the file is 5 failed, 2 passed; on this branch, 7 passed. tests/v1/core/ is 2 failed, 502 passed, 2 errors — the same four GPU-requiring cases as before, unchanged.

Thanks again for tracing unservable_reqs through to has_unfinished_requests; the decode path deliberately does not use that deferred set — it finishes through the ordinary stopped path in _update_request_with_output — but knowing the first one was sound is what let me leave it alone and put this in a different place.

@brianosaurus

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Thank you for measuring this rather than taking my word for it. The 4000-step
trace and the two controls settle it in a way my arithmetic could not.

You are right that my suggested bound was the wrong fix. The third control row
says it best: prompt=1000, max_tokens=8 completes on the same 69-block pool,
so bounding admission on num_tokens + max_tokens would have refused a request
that works. Moving the bound to the exhaustion point avoids that, and one bound
with three call sites is a better shape than what I proposed.

Thanks also for going back and correcting the gap width. Nothing further from
me.

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Thanks @malaiwah but I think we should fix this via #47272 and avoid adding new code to the scheduler / kvcache manager.

@malaiwah

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Closing in favor of the maintainer-requested path.

#47272 has merged as 76fb6d210a57c7efbb61fa6cb029d1fa1911bfb5, fixing the null-block capacity accounting at startup. Per the review here, I will not keep the additional scheduler/KV-manager machinery in this PR.

The pre-#47272 CPU reproduction and decode trace remain valid historical evidence for the defect as it existed, but this implementation is superseded. Our downstream clean-runtime rebuild will adopt #47272 and remove the #52530 hand-port. If a request-side failure independently survives on a post-#47272 tree, it should be demonstrated there and filed as a new narrowly scoped change rather than extending this branch.

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