[main] Upgrade the Golang version to go1.23.5

[vitess-bot]

This Pull Request bumps the Golang version to go1.23.5 and the bootstrap version to 41.

Do not trust the bot blindly. A thorough code review must be done to ensure all the files have been correctly modified.

There are a few manual steps remaining:

• Make sure you update the Golang version used in the previous and next release branches for the Upgrade/Downgrade tests.
• Build and Push the bootstrap images to Docker Hub, the bot cannot handle that.

cc @vitessio/release

[vitess-bot]

Review Checklist

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[vitess-bot]

Hello! 👋

This Pull Request is now handled by arewefastyet. The current HEAD and future commits will be benchmarked.

You can find the performance comparison on the arewefastyet website.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 67.58%. Comparing base (71ccd6d) to head (01f4532).
Report is 5 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #17563      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   67.71%   67.58%   -0.13%     
==========================================
  Files        1584     1585       +1     
  Lines      254721   256162    +1441     
==========================================
+ Hits       172473   173128     +655     
- Misses      82248    83034     +786     

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[frouioui]

This PR bumps the bootstrap version to 41, as a follow up of the bump to 40 that will be done in #17552.

EDIT: we will merge #17552 later and keep 40 on this PR.