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BIND 9 BIND version 9 is a major rewrite of nearly all aspects of the underlying BIND architecture. Some of the important features of BIND 9 are: - DNS Security DNSSEC (signed zones) TSIG (signed DNS requests) - IP version 6 Answers DNS queries on IPv6 sockets IPv6 resource records (AAAA) Experimental IPv6 Resolver Library - DNS Protocol Enhancements IXFR, DDNS, Notify, EDNS0 Improved standards conformance - Views One server process can provide multiple "views" of the DNS namespace, e.g. an "inside" view to certain clients, and an "outside" view to others. - Multiprocessor Support - Improved Portability Architecture BIND version 9 development has been underwritten by the following organizations: Sun Microsystems, Inc. Hewlett Packard Compaq Computer Corporation IBM Process Software Corporation Silicon Graphics, Inc. Network Associates, Inc. U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency USENIX Association Stichting NLnet - NLnet Foundation Nominum, Inc. For a summary of functional enhancements in previous releases, see the HISTORY file. For a detailed list of user-visible changes from previous releases, see the CHANGES file. For up-to-date release notes and errata, see http://www.isc.org/software/bind9/releasenotes BIND 9.11.0 BIND 9.11.0 includes a number of changes from BIND 9.10 and earlier releases. New features include: - New "fetchlimit" quotas are now available for the use of recursive resolvers that are are under high query load for domains whose authoritative servers are nonresponsive or are experiencing a denial of service attack: + "fetches-per-server" limits the number of simultaneous queries that can be sent to any single authoritative server. The configured value is a starting point; it is automatically adjusted downward if the server is partially or completely non-responsive. The algorithm used to adjust the quota can be configured via the "fetch-quota-params" option. + "fetches-per-zone" limits the number of simultaneous queries that can be sent for names within a single domain. (Note: Unlike "fetches-per-server", this value is not self-tuning.) + New stats counters have been added to count queries spilled due to these quotas. - The zone serial number of a dynamically updatable zone can now be set via "rndc signing -serial <number> <zonename>". This allows inline-signing zones to be set to a specific serial number. - SERVFAIL responses can now be cached for a limited time (defaulting to 10 seconds, with an upper limit of 30). This can reduce the frequency of retries when a query is persistently failing. - The new "rndc nta" command can be used to set a "negative trust anchor", disabling DNSSEC validation for a specific domain; this can be used when responses from a domain are known to be failing validation due to administrative error rather than because of a spoofing attack. Negative trust anchors are strictly temporary; by default they expire after one hour, but can be configured to last up to one week. - Update forwarding performance has been improved by allowing a single TCP connection to be shared by multiple updates. - The EDNS Client Subnet (ECS) option is now supported for authoritative servers; if a query contains an ECS option then ACLs containing "geoip" or "ecs" elements can match against the the address encoded in the option. This can be used to select a view for a query, so that different answers can be provided depending on the client network. - The EDNS EXPIRE option has been implemented on the client side, allowing a slave server to set the expiration timer correctly when transferring zone data from another slave server. - A new "masterfile-style" zone option controls the formatting of text zone files: When set to "full", a zone file is dumped in single-line-per-record format. - "dig +ttlunits" causes dig to print TTL values with time-unit suffixes: w, d, h, m, s for weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds. - "serial-update-method" can now be set to "date". On update, the serial number will be set to the current date in YYYYMMDDNN format. - "dnssec-signzone -N date" sets the serial number to YYYYMMDDNN. - "named -L <filename>" causes named to send log messages to the specified file by default instead of to the system log. - dig can now set arbitrary EDNS options on requests (+ednsopt). - dig can now set yet-to-be-defined EDNS flags on requests (+ednsflags). - serial-query-rate no longer covers NOTIFY messages. These are separately controlled by notify-rate and startup-notify-rate. - nsupdate now performs check-names processing by default on records to be added. This can be disabled with "check-names no". This release addresses the security flaws described in CVE-2014-3214, CVE-2014-3859, CVE-2014-8500, CVE-2014-8680, CVE-2015-1349, CVE-2015-5477, CVE-2015-5722, and CVE-2015-5986. BIND 9.10.0 BIND 9.10.0 includes a number of changes from BIND 9.9 and earlier releases. New features include: - DNS Response-rate limiting (DNS RRL), which blunts the impact of reflection and amplification attacks, is always compiled in and no longer requires a compile-time option to enable it. - An experimental "Source Identity Token" (SIT) EDNS option is now available. Similar to DNS Cookies as invented by Donald Eastlake 3rd, these are designed to enable clients to detect off-path spoofed responses, and to enable servers to detect spoofed-source queries. Servers can be configured to send smaller responses to clients that have not identified themselves using a SIT option, reducing the effectiveness of amplification attacks. RRL processing has also been updated; clients proven to be legitimate via SIT are not subject to rate limiting. Use "configure --enable-sit" to enable this feature in BIND. - A new zone file format, "map", stores zone data in a format that can be mapped directly into memory, allowing significantly faster zone loading. - "delv" (domain entity lookup and validation) is a new tool with dig-like semantics for looking up DNS data and performing internal DNSSEC validation. This allows easy validation in environments where the resolver may not be trustworthy, and assists with troubleshooting of DNSSEC problems. (NOTE: In previous development releases of BIND 9.10, this utility was called "delve". The spelling has been changed to avoid confusion with the "delve" utility included with the Xapian search engine.) - Improved EDNS(0) processing for better resolver performance and reliability over slow or lossy connections. - A new "configure --with-tuning=large" option tunes certain compiled-in constants and default settings to values better suited to large servers with abundant memory. This can improve performance on such servers, but will consume more memory and may degrade performance on smaller systems. - Substantial improvement in response-policy zone (RPZ) performance. Up to 32 response-policy zones can be configured with minimal performance loss. - To improve recursive resolver performance, cache records which are still being requested by clients can now be automatically refreshed from the authoritative server before they expire, reducing or eliminating the time window in which no answer is available in the cache. - New "rpz-client-ip" triggers and drop policies allowing response policies based on the IP address of the client. - ACLs can now be specified based on geographic location using the MaxMind GeoIP databases. Use "configure --with-geoip" to enable. - Zone data can now be shared between views, allowing multiple views to serve the same zones authoritatively without storing multiple copies in memory. - New XML schema (version 3) for the statistics channel includes many new statistics and uses a flattened XML tree for faster parsing. The older schema is now deprecated. - A new stylesheet, based on the Google Charts API, displays XML statistics in charts and graphs on javascript-enabled browsers. - The statistics channel can now provide data in JSON format as well as XML. - New stats counters track TCP and UDP queries received per zone, and EDNS options received in total. - The internal and export versions of the BIND libraries (libisc, libdns, etc) have been unified so that external library clients can use the same libraries as BIND itself. - A new compile-time option, "configure --enable-native-pkcs11", allows BIND 9 cryptography functions to use the PKCS#11 API natively, so that BIND can drive a cryptographic hardware service module (HSM) directly instead of using a modified OpenSSL as an intermediary. (Note: This feature requires an HSM to have a full implementation of the PKCS#11 API; many current HSMs only have partial implementations. The new "pkcs11-tokens" command can be used to check API completeness. Native PKCS#11 is known to work with the Thales nShield HSM and with SoftHSM version 2 from the Open DNSSEC project.) - The new "max-zone-ttl" option enforces maximum TTLs for zones. This can simplify the process of rolling DNSSEC keys by guaranteeing that cached signatures will have expired within the specified amount of time. - "dig +subnet" sends an EDNS CLIENT-SUBNET option when querying. - "dig +expire" sends an EDNS EXPIRE option when querying. When this option is sent with an SOA query to a server that supports it, it will report the expiry time of a slave zone. - New "dnssec-coverage" tool to check DNSSEC key coverage for a zone and report if a lapse in signing coverage has been inadvertently scheduled. - Signing algorithm flexibility and other improvements for the "rndc" control channel. - "named-checkzone" and "named-compilezone" can now read journal files, allowing them to process dynamic zones. - Multiple DLZ databases can now be configured. Individual zones can be configured to be served from a specific DLZ database. DLZ databases now serve zones of type "master" and "redirect". - "rndc zonestatus" reports information about a specified zone. - "named" now listens on IPv6 as well as IPv4 interfaces by default. - "named" now preserves the capitalization of names when responding to queries: for instance, a query for "example.com" may be answered with "example.COM" if the name was configured that way in the zone file. Some clients have a bug causing them to depend on the older behavior, in which the case of the answer always matched the case of the query, rather than the case of the name configured in the DNS. Such clients can now be specified in the new "no-case-compress" ACL; this will restore the older behavior of "named" for those clients only. - new "dnssec-importkey" command allows the use of offline DNSSEC keys with automatic DNSKEY management. - New "named-rrchecker" tool to verify the syntactic correctness of individual resource records. - When re-signing a zone, the new "dnssec-signzone -Q" option drops signatures from keys that are still published but are no longer active. - "named-checkconf -px" will print the contents of configuration files with the shared secrets obscured, making it easier to share configuration (e.g. when submitting a bug report) without revealing private information. - "rndc scan" causes named to re-scan network interfaces for changes in local addresses. - On operating systems with support for routing sockets, network interfaces are re-scanned automatically whenever they change. - "tsig-keygen" is now available as an alternate command name to use for "ddns-confgen". Building BIND 9 currently requires a UNIX system with an ANSI C compiler, basic POSIX support, and a 64 bit integer type. We've had successful builds and tests on the following systems: COMPAQ Tru64 UNIX 5.1B Fedora Core 6 FreeBSD 4.10, 5.2.1, 6.2 HP-UX 11.11 Mac OS X 10.5 NetBSD 3.x, 4.0-beta, 5.0-beta OpenBSD 3.3 and up Solaris 8, 9, 9 (x86), 10 Ubuntu 7.04, 7.10 Windows XP/2003/2008 NOTE: As of BIND 9.5.1, 9.4.3, and 9.3.6, older versions of Windows, including Windows NT and Windows 2000, are no longer supported. We have recent reports from the user community that a supported version of BIND will build and run on the following systems: AIX 4.3, 5L CentOS 4, 4.5, 5 Darwin 9.0.0d1/ARM Debian 4, 5, 6 Fedora Core 5, 7, 8 FreeBSD 6, 7, 8 HP-UX 11.23 PA MacOS X 10.5, 10.6, 10.7 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, 5, 6 SCO OpenServer 5.0.6 Slackware 9, 10 SuSE 9, 10 To build, just ./configure make Do not use a parallel "make". Several environment variables that can be set before running configure will affect compilation: CC The C compiler to use. configure tries to figure out the right one for supported systems. CFLAGS C compiler flags. Defaults to include -g and/or -O2 as supported by the compiler. Please include '-g' if you need to set CFLAGS. STD_CINCLUDES System header file directories. Can be used to specify where add-on thread or IPv6 support is, for example. Defaults to empty string. STD_CDEFINES Any additional preprocessor symbols you want defined. Defaults to empty string. Possible settings: Change the default syslog facility of named/lwresd. -DISC_FACILITY=LOG_LOCAL0 Enable DNSSEC signature chasing support in dig. -DDIG_SIGCHASE=1 (sets -DDIG_SIGCHASE_TD=1 and -DDIG_SIGCHASE_BU=1) Disable dropping queries from particular well known ports. -DNS_CLIENT_DROPPORT=0 Sibling glue checking in named-checkzone is enabled by default. To disable the default check set. -DCHECK_SIBLING=0 named-checkzone checks out-of-zone addresses by default. To disable this default set. -DCHECK_LOCAL=0 To create the default pid files in ${localstatedir}/run rather than ${localstatedir}/run/{named,lwresd}/ set. -DNS_RUN_PID_DIR=0 Enable workaround for Solaris kernel bug about /dev/poll -DISC_SOCKET_USE_POLLWATCH=1 The watch timeout is also configurable, e.g., -DISC_SOCKET_POLLWATCH_TIMEOUT=20 LDFLAGS Linker flags. Defaults to empty string. The following need to be set when cross compiling. BUILD_CC The native C compiler. BUILD_CFLAGS (optional) BUILD_CPPFLAGS (optional) Possible Settings: -DNEED_OPTARG=1 (optarg is not declared in <unistd.h>) BUILD_LDFLAGS (optional) BUILD_LIBS (optional) On most platforms, BIND 9 is built with multithreading support, allowing it to take advantage of multiple CPUs. You can configure this by specifying "--enable-threads" or "--disable-threads" on the configure command line. The default is to enable threads, except on some older operating systems on which threads are known to have had problems in the past. (Note: Prior to BIND 9.10, the default was to disable threads on Linux systems; this has been reversed. On Linux systems, the threaded build is known to change BIND's behavior with respect to file permissions; it may be necessary to specify a user with the -u option when running named.) To build shared libraries, specify "--with-libtool" on the configure command line. Certain compiled-in constants and default settings can be increased to values better suited to large servers with abundant memory resources (e.g, 64-bit servers with 12G or more of memory) by specifying "--with-tuning=large" on the configure command line. This can improve performance on big servers, but will consume more memory and may degrade performance on smaller systems. For the server to support DNSSEC, you need to build it with crypto support. You must have OpenSSL 0.9.5a or newer installed and specify "--with-openssl" on the configure command line. If OpenSSL is installed under a nonstandard prefix, you can tell configure where to look for it using "--with-openssl=/prefix". To support the HTTP statistics channel, the server must be linked with at least one of the following: libxml2 (http://xmlsoft.org) or json-c (https://github.com/json-c). If these are installed at a nonstandard prefix, use "--with-libxml2=/prefix" or "--with-libjson=/prefix". On some platforms it is necessary to explicitly request large file support to handle files bigger than 2GB. This can be done by "--enable-largefile" on the configure command line. Support for the "fixed" rrset-order option can be enabled or disabled by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" or "--disable-fixed-rrset" on the configure command line. The default is "disabled", to reduce memory footprint. If your operating system has integrated support for IPv6, it will be used automatically. If you have installed KAME IPv6 separately, use "--with-kame[=PATH]" to specify its location. "make install" will install "named" and the various BIND 9 libraries. By default, installation is into /usr/local, but this can be changed with the "--prefix" option when running "configure". You may specify the option "--sysconfdir" to set the directory where configuration files like "named.conf" go by default, and "--localstatedir" to set the default parent directory of "run/named.pid". For backwards compatibility with BIND 8, --sysconfdir defaults to "/etc" and --localstatedir defaults to "/var" if no --prefix option is given. If there is a --prefix option, sysconfdir defaults to "$prefix/etc" and localstatedir defaults to "$prefix/var". To see additional configure options, run "configure --help". Note that the help message does not reflect the BIND 8 compatibility defaults for sysconfdir and localstatedir. If you're planning on making changes to the BIND 9 source, you should also "make depend". If you're using Emacs, you might find "make tags" helpful. If you need to re-run configure please run "make distclean" first. This will ensure that all the option changes take. Building with gcc is not supported, unless gcc is the vendor's usual compiler (e.g. the various BSD systems, Linux). Known compiler issues: * gcc-3.2.1 and gcc-3.1.1 is known to cause problems with solaris-x86. * gcc prior to gcc-3.2.3 ultrasparc generates incorrect code at -02. * gcc-3.3.5 powerpc generates incorrect code at -02. * Irix, MipsPRO 7.4.1m is known to cause problems. A limited test suite can be run with "make test". Many of the tests require you to configure a set of virtual IP addresses on your system, and some require Perl; see bin/tests/system/README for details. SunOS 4 requires "printf" to be installed to make the shared libraries. sh-utils-1.16 provides a "printf" which compiles on SunOS 4. Known limitations Linux requires kernel build 2.6.39 or later to get the performance benefits from using multiple sockets. Documentation The BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual is included with the source distribution in DocBook XML and HTML format, in the doc/arm directory. Some of the programs in the BIND 9 distribution have man pages in their directories. In particular, the command line options of "named" are documented in /bin/named/named.8. There is now also a set of man pages for the lwres library. If you are upgrading from BIND 8, please read the migration notes in doc/misc/migration. If you are upgrading from BIND 4, read doc/misc/migration-4to9. Frequently asked questions and their answers can be found in FAQ. Additional information on various subjects can be found in the other README files. Change Log A detailed list of all changes to BIND 9 is included in the file CHANGES, with the most recent changes listed first. Change notes include tags indicating the category of the change that was made; these categories are: [func] New feature [bug] General bug fix [security] Fix for a significant security flaw [experimental] Used for new features when the syntax or other aspects of the design are still in flux and may change [port] Portability enhancement [maint] Updates to built-in data such as root server addresses and keys [tuning] Changes to built-in configuration defaults and constants to improve performance [protocol] Updates to the DNS protocol such as new RR types [test] Changes to the automatic tests, not affecting server functionality [cleanup] Minor corrections and refactoring [doc] Documentation [contrib] Changes to the contributed tools and libraries in the 'contrib' subdirectory [placeholder] Used in the master development branch to reserve change numbers for use in other branches, e.g. when fixing a bug that only exists in older releases In general, [func] and [experimental] tags will only appear in new-feature releases (i.e., those with version numbers ending in zero). Some new functionality may be backported to older releases on a case-by-case basis. All other change types may be applied to all currently-supported releases. Bug Reports and Mailing Lists Bug reports should be sent to: [email protected] Feature requests can be sent to: [email protected] To join or view the archives of the BIND Users mailing list, visit: https://lists.isc.org/mailman/listinfo/bind-users If you're planning on making changes to the BIND 9 source code, you may also want to join the BIND Workers mailing list: https://lists.isc.org/mailman/listinfo/bind-workers Information on read-only Git access, coding style and developer guidelines can be found at: http://www.isc.org/git/ Acknowledgments - This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/). - This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young ([email protected]). - This product includes software written by Tim Hudson ([email protected]).
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bind-utils which includes host, dig, nslookup and nsupdate
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