VFIO GPU-Passthrough

VFIO configuration for a system with 1 or more GPUs, that runs Linux + Windows with GPU acceleration simulatenously.

This is useful for running:

Programs better suited (or only available) on Windows, such as Teamviewer, Office 365, Powershell, Anticheat games, etc.
Xcode and Final Cut Pro on Mac OS.
Sandbox environments for banking, programming, testing and building software, etc.

Host Requirements 🖥️

	Details
CPU	Atleast 4 cores
Motherboard	Decent IOMMU group separation, perhaps ACS
GPUs	Atleast 1 dedicated GPU
Host OS	Any Linux Distro (Ubuntu* and Fedora tested)*

Guest OS support 🧪

Guest OS	Notes	Support
Windows 10/11	Windows 11 may require `swtpm` and OVMF's `secboot.fd` UEFI variant unless bypassed
Linux Distros, BSDs	Linux and BSD distros work almost flawlessly in my brief testing.
Mac OS	Mac OS works with a supported GPU. Make sure to apply optimizations.

Here's my setup

Category	Hardware	Notes
CPU	AMD Ryzen 9 3900X
Motherboard	Gigabyte Aorus X570 Elite WiFi	I bought this board, since Gigabyte usually has good IOMMU isolation.
GPUs	2 x NVIDIA GT 710 - (Asus & Gigabyte)	(yes they are from the pandemic times)
Host OS	Fedora 37 w/ KDE Plasma	This setup is also tested on Ubuntu 22.10 and instructions are provided along with Fedora

⚡ Initial Steps

Follow the guide by RisingPrismTV, or this video tutorial based on it.

Brief instructions are mentioned below. (taken from the guide)

1. Enable virtualization in UEFI/BIOS

On Intel platforms, it's called Intel VT-D or VT-x, or simply Intel Virtualization Technology
On AMD platforms, enable SVM mode and set IOMMU to "enabled" (not "Auto").

This varies between various motherboards. Refer to your motherboard's user manual.

For example:

Intel (ASUS): https://www.asus.com/support/FAQ/1043786/

2. Configure GRUB

Add IOMMU flags in the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line in /etc/default/grub
- For AMD CPUs: amd_iommu=on iommu=pt
  
  For Intel CPUs: intel_iommu=on iommu=pt
- iommu=pt leads to less overhead and thus better performance.
  
  For example:
```
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rhgb quiet amd_iommu=on iommu=pt"
```

Update grub

# Ubuntu
sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

# Fedora/CentOS/RHEL
sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /etc/grub2-efi.cfg

Reboot your system and verify that IOMMU flags are enabled.
```
cat /proc/cmdline | grep iommu
```

Adding rd.driver.pre=vfio-pci may help if vfio-pci isn't being loaded instead of the vendor drivers (nvidia or amdgpu), but is not needed on most systems.

3. Verify IOMMU groups

You can only passthrough all the devices in an IOMMU group.

That's why it is best if your GPU is in its own separate IOMMU group, or the components of your GPU are in their own isolated group.
If not, then you will need to also passthrough every other device in that IOMMU group, which isn't always desirable or possible.

To check your IOMMU groups, run this in your terminal: (source: Archwiki)

#!/bin/bash
shopt -s nullglob
for g in $(find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/* -maxdepth 0 -type d | sort -V); do
  echo "IOMMU Group ${g##*/}:"
  for d in $g/devices/*; do
      echo -e "\t$(lspci -nns ${d##*/})"
  done;
done;

My sample output

Notice that I have two GT 710 GPUs in IOMMU Group 22 and 25 respectively, each having a VGA and Audio component with no other device in the group.

IOMMU Group 0:
      00:01.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 1:
      00:01.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse GPP Bridge [1022:1483]
IOMMU Group 2:
      00:01.2 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse GPP Bridge [1022:1483]
IOMMU Group 3:
      00:02.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 4:
      00:03.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 5:
      00:03.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse GPP Bridge [1022:1483]
IOMMU Group 6:
      00:04.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 7:
      00:05.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 8:
      00:07.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 9:
      00:07.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to bus[E:B] [1022:1484]
IOMMU Group 10:
      00:08.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Host Bridge [1022:1482]
IOMMU Group 11:
      00:08.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Internal PCIe GPP Bridge 0 to bus[E:B] [1022:1484]
IOMMU Group 12:
      00:14.0 SMBus [0c05]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SMBus Controller [1022:790b] (rev 61)
      00:14.3 ISA bridge [0601]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge [1022:790e] (rev 51)
IOMMU Group 13:
      00:18.0 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 0 [1022:1440]
      00:18.1 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 1 [1022:1441]
      00:18.2 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 2 [1022:1442]
      00:18.3 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 3 [1022:1443]
      00:18.4 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 4 [1022:1444]
      00:18.5 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 5 [1022:1445]
      00:18.6 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 6 [1022:1446]
      00:18.7 Host bridge [0600]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse/Vermeer Data Fabric: Device 18h; Function 7 [1022:1447]
IOMMU Group 14:
      01:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller [0108]: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller 980 [144d:a809]
IOMMU Group 15:
      02:00.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse Switch Upstream [1022:57ad]
IOMMU Group 16:
      03:02.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a3]
IOMMU Group 17:
      03:03.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a3]
IOMMU Group 18:
      03:04.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a3]
IOMMU Group 19:
      03:08.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a4]
      07:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Reserved SPP [1022:1485]
      07:00.1 USB controller [0c03]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse USB 3.0 Host Controller [1022:149c]
      07:00.3 USB controller [0c03]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse USB 3.0 Host Controller [1022:149c]
IOMMU Group 20:
      03:09.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a4]
      08:00.0 SATA controller [0106]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [1022:7901] (rev 51)
IOMMU Group 21:
      03:0a.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse PCIe GPP Bridge [1022:57a4]
      09:00.0 SATA controller [0106]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [1022:7901] (rev 51)
IOMMU Group 22:
      04:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation GK208B [GeForce GT 710] [10de:128b] (rev a1)
      04:00.1 Audio device [0403]: NVIDIA Corporation GK208 HDMI/DP Audio Controller [10de:0e0f] (rev a1)
IOMMU Group 23:
      05:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168NGW [Stone Peak] [8086:24fb] (rev 10)
IOMMU Group 24:
      06:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation I211 Gigabit Network Connection [8086:1539] (rev 03)
IOMMU Group 25:
      0a:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation GK208B [GeForce GT 710] [10de:128b] (rev a1)
      0a:00.1 Audio device [0403]: NVIDIA Corporation GK208 HDMI/DP Audio Controller [10de:0e0f] (rev a1)
IOMMU Group 26:
      0b:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse PCIe Dummy Function [1022:148a]
IOMMU Group 27:
      0c:00.0 Non-Essential Instrumentation [1300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Reserved SPP [1022:1485]
IOMMU Group 28:
      0c:00.1 Encryption controller [1080]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse Cryptographic Coprocessor PSPCPP [1022:1486]
IOMMU Group 29:
      0c:00.3 USB controller [0c03]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Matisse USB 3.0 Host Controller [1022:149c]
IOMMU Group 30:
      0c:00.4 Audio device [0403]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] Starship/Matisse HD Audio Controller [1022:1487]

If your IOMMU groups aren't very isolated, trying enabling "ACS/ARI" option for better IOMMU grouping on most motherboards.

Also checkout:

4. Configure Libvirt

Installing Packages:

Ubuntu:

sudo apt install qemu virt-manager ovmf

Fedora:

sudo dnf install "@virtualization" edk2-ovmf

Enable libvirt service

sudo systemctl enable --now libvirtd

Reboot for sanity, and then DONE!

Dual-GPU Setup

This is for when you have two or more graphics cards, or are willing to use the integrated graphics for your host.

Fedora

(click to expand)

To keep it short, we will create a dracut module that will include the VFIO drivers, along with a script, in the initramfs.

The script will be responsible for loading and binding VFIO driver to the GPU.

1. Creating the script:

Create a script in /sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh with the following contents:

#!/bin/sh
DEVICES="0000:0a:00.0 0000:0a:00.1"

for DEVICE in $DEVICES; do
        echo "vfio-pci" > /sys/bus/pci/devices/$DEVICE/driver_override
done

modprobe -i vfio-pci

Here, modify the DEVICES line and enter the PCIe addresses of each component of your GPU(s), separated by a space.
You can find the addresses of your device in /sys/bus/pci/devices/

You can passthrough any PCIe device such as: SATA or NVME controllers, WiFi cards, and anything that has a properly isolated IOMMU group.

Don't forget to set proper permissions for the script: sudo chmod 744 /sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh

Note: PCIe addresses are just the slot addresses with a prefix like 0000 or 0001. Some Xeon/Threadripper or multi-socket systems may have a device prefix of 0001 or 000a, so double check at /sys/bus/pci/devices/.

2. Configuring dracut:

Create a dracut module directory called 20vfio:

sudo mkdir -p /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/20vfio

20 in 20vfio is the priority order in which dracut loads up the module while generating the initramfs.

Create module setup at /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/20vfio/module-setup.sh with the following contents:

#!/usr/bin/bash
check() {
  return 0
}
depends() {
  return 0
}
install() {
  declare moddir=${moddir}
  inst_hook pre-udev 00 "$moddir/vfio-pci-override.sh"
}

Create a symlink to the script in the module directory:

sudo ln -s /sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d/20vfio/vfio-pci-override.sh

Create a dracut config at /etc/dracut.conf.d/vfio.conf with the following contents:

add_dracutmodules+=" vfio "
force_drivers+=" vfio vfio-pci vfio_iommu_type1 "
install_items="/usr/sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh /usr/bin/find /usr/bin/dirname"

Regenerate the initramfs: (for the kernel currently running)

sudo dracut -fv --kver `uname -r`

This should print a lot of verbose output, and if you did everything correctly, you should see a line somewhere that says: Including module: vfio.

This is a good sign, and we can move on. Otherwise, re-check the previous steps.

My sample output

fedora:~$ sudo dracut -fv --kver `uname -r`

dracut: Executing: /usr/bin/dracut -fv --kver 6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64
dracut: *** Including module: bash ***
dracut: *** Including module: systemd ***
dracut: *** Including module: vfio ***
dracut: *** Including module: network-manager ***
dracut: *** Including module: kernel-modules ***
dracut: *** Installing kernel module dependencies ***
dracut: *** Resolving executable dependencies ***
dracut: *** Creating image file '/boot/initramfs-6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64.img' ***

Verify that the script is also included: sudo lsinitrd | grep vfio

My sample output

vfio
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           37 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/dracut/hooks/pre-udev/00-vfio-pci-override.sh -> ../../../../sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh
drwxr-xr-x   3 root     root            0 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/pci
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        32156 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio-pci-core.ko.xz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         8608 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio-pci.ko.xz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        19896 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/vfio_iommu_type1.ko.xz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        14900 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/vfio.ko.xz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         3568 Nov 16 23:30 usr/lib/modules/6.0.10-300.fc37.x86_64/kernel/drivers/vfio/vfio_virqfd.ko.xz
-rwxr--r--   1 root     root          172 Nov 16 23:30 usr/sbin/vfio-pci-override.sh

Reboot and verify that vfio driver is loaded: lspci -nnk | grep -iP "nvidia|radeon|vfio-pci"

Ubuntu

(click to expand)

Check out here

🚀 Running the VM with GPU

This assumes you already have a functional Virtual Machine running Windows, Linux, or MacOS. If not, then follow these guides for: Windows , MacOS Catalina , MacOS Big Sur and above.

Remove virtual display (Spice/VNC) and sound adpaters after passing the graphics card, if you haven't already.

Now that our cake is (hopefully) ready, we can finally eat it!

Make sure your VM meets these requirements:

Name	Details
Firmware (UEFI required)	Use `OVMF_CODE.secboot.fd` for Windows 11. UEFI, or variants of OVMF should work fine for other OSes.
vCPUs	2 Cores, 2 Threads (minimum)
Memory	4096 MB (minimum)

Passthrough the GPU:

Open virt manager and go to the Details section of your VM.

Details about my VM

Select Add Hardware and add every component of your GPU (or every item in the IOMMU group, if isolation isn't perfect).

Having an extra USB Keyboard and Mouse to passthrough will make things simpler.

adding-gpus.mp4

And finally, start the VM! If everything went right, you should see output on your second GPU. Now install the driver and make sure everything is stable.

TODO:

Ubuntu instructions, meanwhile follow Pavol Elsig's tutorial
Single GPU Setup (both Fedora and Ubuntu)
Mention optimizations, Cassowary, hugepages, cpu pinning, Looking Glass, Virt 9p Drives etc.

Credits (and helpful links)

This setup was made possible by using bits and pieces from these amazing guides:

Fedora Ultimate VFIO Guide by Level1Techs
Fedora Single GPU Passthrough Tutorial by BlandManStudios
Single GPU Passthrough Wiki by RisingPrismTV
VFIO Hook helper by Passthroughpost

You may find helpful:

Complete Single GPU Passthrough by QaidVoid
SomeOrdinaryGamers - Windows Single GPU passthrough

Icons provided by Flaticon:

Dual GPU icon: Gpu icons created by vectorsmarket15 - Flaticon

Three fan black GPU: Graphics-card icons created by Smashicons - Flaticon

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 18 Commits
assets		assets
sbin		sbin
README.md		README.md
vfio-ubuntu.md		vfio-ubuntu.md

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VFIO GPU-Passthrough

Host Requirements 🖥️

Guest OS support 🧪

⚡ Initial Steps

Dual-GPU Setup

1. Creating the script:

2. Configuring dracut:

Check out here

🚀 Running the VM with GPU

Make sure your VM meets these requirements:

Passthrough the GPU:

TODO:

Credits (and helpful links)

You may find helpful:

Icons provided by Flaticon:

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VFIO GPU-Passthrough

Host Requirements 🖥️

Guest OS support 🧪

⚡ Initial Steps

Dual-GPU Setup

1. Creating the script:

2. Configuring dracut:

Check out here

🚀 Running the VM with GPU

Make sure your VM meets these requirements:

Passthrough the GPU:

TODO:

Credits (and helpful links)

You may find helpful:

Icons provided by Flaticon:

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