[Feature Request] Add memoization support to the`patched()` API

[mjameswh]

Describe the solution you'd like

In short:

• Add a memoized argument to the patched and deprecatePatch APIs.

• Keep backward compatibility on those functions for non-specifying the memoized argument, but deprecate those signatures. Make sure documentation clearly indicate how existing calls may safely get converted.

• Delegate handling of the patched logic to Core.

See temporalio/features#591 for details.