Generalize base class construction for functorial construction categories

[tscrim]

This ticket implements the following syntactic sugar for functorial
construction categories::

    GradedModules(K)  ->  Modules(K).Graded()
    Modules.Graded(K) ->  Modules(K).Graded()

This makes them behave consistently with CategoryWithAxiom.

As is noted in the code, the internal logic is very similar, but there
seemed at this point to be no good way to avoid the duplication.

The first syntactic sugar was actually already partially implemented
for GradedModulesCategory, so half of the work is just generalizing
existing code.

The syntactic sugar is not valid for construction categories that take
extra arguments like Algebras, since there is no generic way to
decide what the argument should be used for:

    Sets.Algebras(K)  ->   Sets(K).Algebras() or Sets().Algebras(K) ?

CC: @nthiery

Component: categories

Keywords: sd67

Author: Travis Scrimshaw

Branch: c35a270

Reviewer: Nicolas M. Thiéry

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/18174

[tscrim]

Branch: public/categories/functorial_magic-18174

[tscrim]

New commits:

0e78e25

Implement generic functorial construction base class magic.

[tscrim]

Commit: 0e78e25

[sagetrac-git]

Branch pushed to git repo; I updated commit sha1. New commits:

1604162	18174: small doc improvements
c35a270	18174: more doc improvements + uniformization with CategoryWithAxiom

[sagetrac-git]

Changed commit from 0e78e25 to c35a270

[tscrim]

comment:3

LGTM

[nthiery]

comment:4

For the record: all long tests pass up to some failures/timeouts I often get on my test machine:

sage -t --long src/sage/misc/cachefunc.pyx  # 1 doctest failed
sage -t --long src/sage/tests/cmdline.py  # 1 doctest failed
sage -t --long src/sage/dev/sagedev.py  # Timed out
sage -t --long src/sage/schemes/elliptic_curves/lseries_ell.py  # Timed out
sage -t --long src/sage/modular/arithgroup/arithgroup_perm.py  # Timed out
sage -t --long src/doc/en/tutorial/interfaces.rst  # 10 doctests failed