Auto merge of #118159 - EliasHolzmann:formatting_options, r=<try>

Implementation of `fmt::FormatttingOptions`

Tracking issue: #118117

Public API:
```rust
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct FormattingOptions { … }
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Sign {
    Plus,
    Minus
}
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum DebugAsHex {
    Lower,
    Upper
}

impl FormattingOptions {
    pub fn new() -> Self;
    pub fn sign(&mut self, sign: Option<Sign>) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn sign_aware_zero_pad(&mut self, sign_aware_zero_pad: bool) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn alternate(&mut self, alternate: bool) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn fill(&mut self, fill: char) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn align(&mut self, alignment: Option<Alignment>) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn width(&mut self, width: Option<usize>) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn precision(&mut self, precision: Option<usize>) -> &mut Self;
    pub fn debug_as_hex(&mut self, debug_as_hex: Option<DebugAsHex>) -> &mut Self;

    pub fn get_sign(&self) -> Option<Sign>;
    pub fn get_sign_aware_zero_pad(&self) -> bool;
    pub fn get_alternate(&self) -> bool;
    pub fn get_fill(&self) -> char;
    pub fn get_align(&self) -> Option<Alignment>;
    pub fn get_width(&self) -> Option<usize>;
    pub fn get_precision(&self) -> Option<usize>;
    pub fn get_debug_as_hex(&self) -> Option<DebugAsHex>;

    pub fn create_formatter<'a>(self, write: &'a mut (dyn Write + 'a)) -> Formatter<'a>;
    }

impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
    pub fn new(write: &'a mut (dyn Write + 'a), options: FormattingOptions) -> Self;
    pub fn with_options<'b>(&'b mut self, options: FormattingOptions) -> Formatter<'b>;
    pub fn sign(&self) -> Option<Sign>;

    pub fn options(&self) -> FormattingOptions;
}
```

Relevant changes from the public API in the tracking issue (I'm leaving out some stuff I consider obvious mistakes, like missing `#[derive(..)]`s and `pub` specifiers):

- `enum DebugAsHex`/`FormattingOptions::debug_as_hex`/`FormattingOptions::get_debug_as_hex`: To support `{:x?}` as well as `{:X?}`. I had completely missed these options in the ACP. I'm open for any and all bikeshedding, not married to the name.
- `fill`/`get_fill` now takes/returns `char` instead of `Option<char>`. This simply mirrors what `Formatter::fill` returns (with default being `' '`).
- Changed `zero_pad`/`get_zero_pad` to `sign_aware_zero_pad`/`get_sign_aware_zero_pad`. This also mirrors `Formatter::sign_aware_zero_pad`. While I'm not a fan of this quite verbose name, I do believe that having the interface of `Formatter` and `FormattingOptions` be compatible is more important.
- For the same reason, renamed `alignment`/`get_alignment` to `aling`/`get_align`.
- Deviating from my initial idea, `Formatter::with_options` returns a `Formatter` which has the lifetime of the `self` reference as its generic lifetime parameter (in the original API spec, the generic lifetime of the returned `Formatter` was the generic lifetime used by `self` instead). Otherwise, one could construct two `Formatter`s that both mutably borrow the same underlying buffer, which would be unsound. This solution still has performance benefits over simply using `Formatter::new`, so I believe it is worthwhile to keep this method.

library/alloc/src/fmt.rs

@@ -584,6 +584,8 @@ pub use core::fmt::{write, Arguments};
 pub use core::fmt::{Binary, Octal};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 pub use core::fmt::{Debug, Display};
+#[unstable(feature = "formatting_options", issue = "118117")]
+pub use core::fmt::{DebugAsHex, FormattingOptions, Sign};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 pub use core::fmt::{DebugList, DebugMap, DebugSet, DebugStruct, DebugTuple};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]

library/alloc/src/lib.rs

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@
 #![feature(extend_one)]
 #![feature(fmt_internals)]
 #![feature(fn_traits)]
+#![feature(formatting_options)]
 #![feature(hasher_prefixfree_extras)]
 #![feature(hint_assert_unchecked)]
 #![feature(inline_const)]

library/alloc/src/string.rs

@@ -2605,7 +2605,8 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display + ?Sized> ToString for T {
     #[inline]
     default fn to_string(&self) -> String {
         let mut buf = String::new();
-        let mut formatter = core::fmt::Formatter::new(&mut buf);
+        let mut formatter =
+            core::fmt::Formatter::new(&mut buf, core::fmt::FormattingOptions::new());
         // Bypass format_args!() to avoid write_str with zero-length strs
         fmt::Display::fmt(self, &mut formatter)
             .expect("a Display implementation returned an error unexpectedly");

library/core/src/fmt/float.rs

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ where
         true => flt2dec::Sign::MinusPlus,
     };
 
-    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision {
+    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision() {
         float_to_decimal_common_exact(fmt, num, sign, precision)
     } else {
         let min_precision = 0;
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ where
         true => flt2dec::Sign::MinusPlus,
     };
 
-    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision {
+    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision() {
         // 1 integral digit + `precision` fractional digits = `precision + 1` total digits
         float_to_exponential_common_exact(fmt, num, sign, precision + 1, upper)
     } else {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ where
         true => flt2dec::Sign::MinusPlus,
     };
 
-    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision {
+    if let Some(precision) = fmt.precision() {
         // this behavior of {:.PREC?} predates exponential formatting for {:?}
         float_to_decimal_common_exact(fmt, num, sign, precision)
     } else {