Fix a bunch of throw statements to use Realm exceptions

[michael-wb]

What, How & Why?

Replace instances of std::exception based throws to use the Realm exception classes in the Sync Client.

This pull request was copied from @jbreams changes in PR #6558. Added a few more exceptions and updated to latest master.

Fixes #6255

☑️ ToDos

• 📝 Changelog update
• 🚦 Tests (or not relevant)
• [ ] C-API, if public C++ API changed
• [ ] bindgen/spec.yml, if public C++ API changed

[coveralls-official]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build michael.wilkersonbarker_932

• 2 of 77 (2.6%) changed or added relevant lines in 7 files are covered.
• 106 unchanged lines in 18 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage decreased (-0.03%) to 91.669%

---

Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
src/realm/sync/noinst/client_reset_recovery.cpp	0	2	0.0%
src/realm/sync/noinst/migration_store.cpp	0	2	0.0%
src/realm/object-store/sync/sync_manager.cpp	0	4	0.0%
src/realm/object-store/sync/impl/sync_file.cpp	0	14	0.0%
src/realm/sync/subscriptions.cpp	1	15	6.67%
src/realm/sync/noinst/sync_metadata_schema.cpp	0	39	0.0%

Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
src/realm/sync/noinst/client_impl_base.hpp	1	93.91%
src/realm/sync/noinst/migration_store.cpp	1	95.86%
test/test_index_string.cpp	1	94.13%
test/util/compare_groups.cpp	1	54.74%
src/realm/db.cpp	2	93.72%
test/test_lang_bind_helper.cpp	2	93.3%
src/realm/sort_descriptor.cpp	3	93.7%
src/realm/sync/network/network.cpp	3	89.86%
src/realm/sync/noinst/client_impl_base.cpp	3	85.48%
test/test_thread.cpp	3	66.67%

Totals
Change from base Build 1872:	-0.03%
Covered Lines:	231843
Relevant Lines:	252914

---

💛 - Coveralls

[danieltabacaru]

Nice work

[michael-wb]

Nice work

It was all @jbreams! Thank you!