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A `ca` option that is given replaces the default roots. In Node this is also true for an empty array: `ca: []` trusts no CA. Bun parsed an empty `ca` as an option that was not given, and trusted the default roots. - SSLConfig parser: an empty `ca` array stays a given list with no entries. Empty `cert`, `key` and `crl` arrays stay "not given". - us_ssl_ctx_build_raw: a `ca` pointer that is not NULL takes the user-CA arm, also with a count of 0. The context keeps its own empty store. us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store returns the store of such a context as it is. - SSLConfig::content_hash: an option that is present hashes a presence byte. The keep-alive pool compares this hash alone, so a request with `ca: []` (or `sigalgs: ""`) no longer takes a connection that was made without the option. - node:tls: a falsy `ca` takes the tls.setDefaultCACertificates() override, like a `ca` that is not given. - node:https: Agent#getName() gives `ca: []` a name of its own.
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Updated 1:47 PM PT - Oct 11th, 2026
✅ @robobun, your commit e56f954889389b394e09c45821960575217d2925 passed in 🧪 To try this PR locally: bunx bun-pr 44988That installs a local version of the PR into your bun-44988 --bun |
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WalkthroughTLS configuration now distinguishes an omitted CA option from an explicitly empty CA list. The change updates CA parsing, trust-store setup, Node TLS behavior, HTTPS agent naming, documentation, and tests across Bun and Node APIs. ChangesExplicit CA trust semantics
Priority: ➖ Normal Merge Risk: 🔵 Low · up to The changed tests retain explicit timeouts despite the repository’s test guidance. This is a localized test-policy issue, not an identified TLS runtime regression; remove the new timeout overrides before merging. Pre-merge checks |
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| Check name | Status | Explanation |
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| Title check | |
The title clearly and concisely states the main behavior change: an explicitly empty ca list trusts no certificate. |
| Description check | |
The description explains the problem, implementation, behavior changes, scope, trade-offs, and verification results. It does not use the template headings exactly, but it provides the required informa… |
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Review comments at @test/js/node/tls/node-tls-ca-empty.test.ts:
- Line 9: Remove the explicit test timeouts: in
test/js/node/tls/node-tls-ca-empty.test.ts, delete the timeout constant and its
argument from every test; in test/js/bun/http/bun-serve-ssl.test.ts, remove the
30_000 argument from test.serial.
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docs/runtime/http/tls.mdxpackages/bun-types/bun.d.tspackages/bun-types/overrides.d.tspackages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.cpackages/bun-usockets/src/libusockets.hsrc/http/ssl_config.rssrc/js/node/https.tssrc/js/node/tls.tssrc/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rstest/js/bun/http/bun-serve-ssl.test.tstest/js/bun/http/tls-client-cert-policy-fixture.mjstest/js/node/tls/node-tls-ca-empty-fixture.mjstest/js/node/tls/node-tls-ca-empty.test.tstest/js/node/tls/ssl-ctx-cache.test.ts
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StatusHow this was reproduced, on main 6c1eb06 (release and debug builds) and on Node v26.3.0: // NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS holds the server's self-signed certificate, so it is a default root.
const socket = tls.connect({ host: "127.0.0.1", port, servername: "localhost", ca: [] }, () => {
console.log(socket.authorized); // main: true
});
socket.on("error", err => console.log(err.code)); // Node: DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT
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Beyond the inline findings, I also checked two things and ruled them out: the non-NULL ca pointer with ca_count == 0 handed to us_ssl_ctx_build_raw is only read inside the i < options.ca_count loop, so nothing dereferences it; and the simplified us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store drops the shared-store up-ref/free pair entirely and hands the private default-root copy straight to SSL_CTX_set_cert_store, so the X509_STORE refcounts stay balanced on both branches.
Extended reasoning...
The change makes ca: [] mean "trust no CA" across the shared TLS option parser (SSLConfig.rs), the usockets context builder (openssl.c), the SSLConfig content hash used by the keep-alive pool, and the node:https Agent pool key, with docs, types and tests. It touches a security-sensitive surface (TLS trust-store construction and connection-pool keying). Inline findings are already posted; this note only records the empty-pointer and refcount checks that were examined and found clean.
Findings marked 🟡 are optional suggestions and need no follow-up push.
A tls object that names no option leaves `Bun.serve` and `Bun.listen` without TLS. An empty `ca` as the only option stays such an object for them: a server that has no certificate cannot do TLS, and the empty list must not turn a plain-text server into one that fails every handshake. A client still takes it as a trust list with no entry. node:https: a truthy `ca` that no context can be made with (`[""]`, an empty Buffer) gets an Agent name of its own, apart from `ca: []`.
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Nothing blocking. The comments below are optional suggestions. There is no need to push a fix for them before merging.
Beyond the inline finding, I also checked the us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store rewrite in packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c for dropped behavior: every us_ssl_ctx_build_raw path either marks the context (ca_file_name, any non-NULL ca) or installs the shared default store, so the removed store == NULL / empty-unmarked branches collapse to the same "replace with a private default copy" outcome, and the old shared up-ref/free pair is gone with the comparison that needed it — no leak introduced.
Extended reasoning...
The second commit switches Bun.serve and Bun.listen to the new listener_from_* variants, so a lone ca: [] no longer turns those listeners to TLS; the inline finding covers the upgradeTLS server sibling that still uses the non-listener path. The openssl.c trust-store refactor was traced against the three store-seeding branches of us_ssl_ctx_build_raw and found behavior-preserving.
Additional findings (outside the current diff — GitHub can't attach inline comments there):
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🟡
src/runtime/socket/socket_body.rs— A server-sidesocket.upgradeTLS({ tls: { ca: [] } })now silently becomes a TLS server with no certificate, where the base throwsExpected "tls" option. src/runtime/socket/socket_body.rs:3557 still callsSSLConfig::from_js(.., is_server)(TrustsNoCa) for the server mode, so the lone empty list counts as a TLS option and every handshake then fails with no cert. Fix: route every server-mode parse of a tls object through the listener variant (LoneEmptyCa::NoTlsOption) so a loneca: []means no TLS wherever is_server is true, which covers socket_body.rs:3557 and socket_body.rs:4811, while client mode keeps TrustsNoCa. [also at: src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs:342 - A server-sideupgradeTLS({ isServer: true, tls: { ca: [] } })now silently builds a certificate-less TLS server that fails every handshake, where the base throws at the call.]Why this was flagged
A program accepts a connection with Bun.listen (plain TCP) and calls socket.upgradeTLS({ tls: { ca: computedList }, socket }) with computedList = [], or passes isServer: true. src/runtime/socket/socket_body.rs:3483-3486 sets is_server true, and socket_body.rs:3557-3563 calls SSLConfig::from_js(vm, global, tls_js, is_server), which is from_generated_with(.., LoneEmptyCa::TrustsNoCa) at src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs:191. With ca = Some(empty) and any false, the NoTlsOption early return at SSLConfig.rs:337 does not fire, so Some(result) is returned with no cert and key. On the base branch handle_file_array returned None for an empty array and socket_body.rs:3569 threw
Expected "tls" optionat the call. After the merge the upgrade proceeds as a TLS server with no certificate, so every peer handshake fails and nothing is reported at the call site. The second commit adds listener_from_js exactly to stop a loneca: []from turning a server into TLS (SSLConfig.rs:166-172) but the two is_server parses in socket_body.rs:3557 and socket_body.rs:4811 were not switched.Verification: src/runtime/socket/socket_body.rs:3557-3563 (untouched by the diff) still calls
SSLConfig::from_js(vm, global, tls_js, is_server), which the diff defines asfrom_generated_with(.., LoneEmptyCa::TrustsNoCa)(SSLConfig.rs:185-191). On the base commithandle_file_arrayreturnedNonefor an empty array,anystayed false,from_jsreturnedNone, and line 3567-3569 threwExpected "tls" option.
…`ca`
Every server-mode parse of a socket tls object goes through
`from_js_for_socket` / `from_generated_for_socket`: `Bun.serve`,
`Bun.listen` and `upgradeTLS({ isServer: true })`. There an empty `ca`
as the only option is no TLS option, as before. The upgrade throws
`Expected "tls" option` again and does not build a server context that
has no certificate.
The comments of this change are one line each.
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The finding on a server-side |
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Nothing blocking. The comments below are optional suggestions. There is no need to push a fix for them before merging.
Beyond the inline nit, I also checked the us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store simplification in packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c: every SSL_CTX leaving us_ssl_ctx_build_raw is either marked user-CA (ca_file_name, any non-NULL ca) or holds the shared default store, and all three callers (crl, partial-trust, addCACert) run after that point, so the dropped "own non-empty store without marker" branch was unreachable and the removed up-ref/free pair on the shared store stays balanced. The LoneEmptyCa::NoTlsOption early return in src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs drops a Some(empty) ca through SSLConfig's Drop, so no leak there either.
Extended reasoning...
The latest pushes (5d49d04, 7131c92) route Bun.serve, Bun.listen and server-side upgradeTLS through _for_socket parsers so a lone ca: [] no longer turns a listener into cert-less TLS, and https.Agent now separates :ca=[] from :ca=empty, which addresses the two substantive points raised earlier. The remaining inline finding is a test nit; the native refactor and the Rust early-return were checked this run and ruled out as behavior-preserving and leak-free.
The test cannot tell an empty trust list from the bundled roots: ca1 is in neither. It proves that `ca: []` does not take the setDefaultCACertificates() override. node-tls-ca-empty.test.ts proves the empty trust list.
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Beyond the inline finding, I also checked the simplified us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store in packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c for a behavior change: SSL_CTX_new is called only inside us_ssl_ctx_build_raw, and every build path either sets the us_ctx_user_ca_ex_idx marker (caFile, ca) or installs the shared default store, so an unmarked context always holds the shared roots and the crl/pfx/addCACert callers see the same store as before.
Extended reasoning...
The change makes an explicit empty ca list mean "trust nothing" across the shared TLS option parser (SSLConfig.rs), the usockets context builder (openssl.c), the SSL config hash, and node:https/node:tls, so it touches certificate-trust decisions for every Bun and node:* TLS surface. A confirmed inline finding about the breaking change for Bun-native callers is posted separately; this note only records that the openssl.c own-store refactor was traced and found behavior-preserving for contexts built by the single SSL_CTX_new site.
| result.cert = handle_file_for_field(global, "cert", &generated.cert)?; | ||
| result.key = handle_file_for_field(global, "key", &generated.key)?; | ||
| result.crl = handle_file_for_field(global, "crl", &generated.crl)?; | ||
| result.ca = handle_file_for_field(global, "ca", &generated.ca, EmptyArray::EmptySet)?; |
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🔴 Bun-native callers (fetch tls, Bun.connect, Bun.SQL, RedisClient, WebSocket) whose computed ca is [] now have every TLS connection refused where today they verify against the default roots. The shared parser at src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs:284 passes EmptyArray::EmptySet for every API, not only node:* surfaces, so the Node semantics reach Bun's own options; this follows from the stated purpose, and the author flags it as breaking. Fix: keep the native empty-trust capability but let the node:* compat layer opt into it (an internal marker set by node:tls/https/ws/node-fetch), leaving ca: [] on Bun's public APIs equal to absent as tls: {} is, or have a maintainer confirm the Bun-native break for a patch release. REVIEW.md says Bun-native defaults are not changed for Node compat.
Why this was flagged
A program calls fetch(url, { tls: { ca: extraCerts } }), new Bun.SQL({ tls: { ca: list } }), new Bun.RedisClient(url, { tls: { ca: list } }), Bun.connect({ tls: { ca: list } }) or new WebSocket(url, { tls: { ca: list } }) where the list is built from optional configuration and is empty. On the base branch handle_file_array returned None for an empty array, the context seeded the shared default roots at packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c:1372, and the connection verified. After the change handle_file_array returns Some(Box::default()) for ca (src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs:509-513), as_usockets passes a non-NULL ca with ca_count 0 (src/http/ssl_config.rs:214-217), and openssl.c:1347-1349 marks the context and leaves its store empty, so the peer certificate fails with DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT or UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY and the request, query or socket errors. The PR description lists this under Downsides and asks whether it is wanted for a patch release; no maintainer ruling is recorded.
Verification: src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs:284 passes EmptyArray::EmptySet for ca for every caller; handle_file_array (lines 507-513) returns Some(Box::default()) instead of None. packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c:1347 changed from else if (options.ca && options.ca_count > 0) to else if (options.ca), skipping the default-root seeding at line 1372. On base the connection verified.
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This is the decision that the PR body asks the maintainer for (Downsides, and "Decisions needed" in Notes). The diff keeps one rule for every API, for these reasons:
- The JSDoc of
cainbun.d.tssays that the given CAs completely replace the default ones.ca: [pem]does that on every Bun API on main. An empty list is the one given value that falls back to the default roots. - On a client that fallback fails open. On main a
{ ca: [], cert, key }client completes mutual TLS with any server that a default root verifies, and sends it the client certificate. - A rule for node:* alone does not hold.
https.createServer,ws,node-fetchand a named-pipetls.Serverhand the rawcatoBun.serve,WebSocket,fetchandBun.listen. A marker for them is a hidden option on those APIs ("Why not node:* only" in Notes).
This thread stays open for the maintainer's answer.
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Problem
ca: []is read as "noca": the context trusts the default roots. Node trusts no CA. On main a{ ca: [], cert, key }client completes mutual TLS.handle_file_array(src/runtime/socket/SSLConfig.rs) returnsNonefor an empty array, andus_ssl_ctx_build_raw(openssl.c) needsca_count > 0.Fix
caas a given list. The builder gives that context an empty store.SSLConfig::content_hashandhttps.Agent#getName()now separate "given but empty" from "not given".test/js/node/tls/node-tls-ca-empty.test.ts(13 tests fail on main, Node prints the same rows) andbun-serve-ssl.test.ts. 56 TLS files and 519 vendored Node tests match main.Background
caowns its trust store, marked on theSSL_CTX.ca, and[]is truthy.caalone is no TLS option, as on main.Downsides
cais empty trusts nothing now, on the Bun APIs too. @Jarred-Sumner, is that wanted? @cirospaciari, is the carve-out from node: net/tls/http/http2 compat fixes #41400 fine?Bun.connect({ tls: { ca: [] } })now does a TLS handshake and refuses the peer. It was plain TCP.ca: []: +7 to 20 instructions and +1 branch per options parse, +1 hash update per present option, +1,256 bytes.Notes
Decisions needed
fetch,Bun.FetchSession,WebSocket,Bun.connect,Bun.listen,Bun.serve,Bun.SQL,RedisClient, and node:tls, node:https, node:http2. Is that wanted as built, and for a patch release? No user reported this. tls: consolidate the open TLS fixes (both engines, node:tls, node:https, WebSocket, SQL) #44618 left open the PRs that "shrink who is trusted", and lefttls: {}alone because "changing it changes a Bun default". This change differs in one way: those add rules for a caller who configured nothing. Here the caller gave the list. For a server, the tls objects that turn TLS on are the same as on main. For a client, one shape changes:Bun.connect({ tls: { ca: [] } })was plain TCP and does TLS now. If that shape must stay plain TCP too,from_generated_for_socketcan apply the server rule to both roles.ca: []half of fb0b0e6 in node: net/tls/http/http2 compat fixes #41400. It uses acapointer that is not NULL with a count of 0, not the flag that the old comment inssl-ctx-cache.test.tsnamed. On a rebase, node: net/tls/http/http2 compat fixes #41400 drops itsSSLConfig.rsblock and itsopenssl.cgate, and gains thecontent_hashbyte. The one-line change insrc/js/node/tls.tsedits a block that node: net/tls/http/http2 compat fixes #41400 deletes.Why not node:* only
Four node surfaces hand the raw
cato a Bun API:https.createServertoBun.servewstoWebSocketnode-fetchtofetchtls.ServertoBun.listenA rule for node:tls alone leaves
https.createServer({ requestCert: true, ca: [] })trusting every default root.Behaviour changes, main 6c1eb06 to this branch
Measured on release builds. "Node" is v26.3.0. "
ca: [pem]" means main already does this for acathat is not empty.ca: []given totls.connect,https,http2,fetch,Bun.FetchSession,node-fetch,WebSocket,ws,Bun.connect,upgradeTLS,RedisClient,Bun.SQLDEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT. WithrejectUnauthorized: falsethere is no error andauthorizedis falsetls.setDefaultCACertificates([]), also through an emptytls.getCACertificates('system')catrust nothingrequestCertrejectUnauthorized: false,authorizedis falsecreateSecureContext, thenaddCACert(pem)pempemalonecertUNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATUREca: [pem]Bun.connect, as the only TLS optionca: [pem]upgradeTLSorRedisClient, as the only TLS optionca: [pem]fetchwithprotocol: "http3"HTTP3Unsupportedca: [pem]A server does not change which tls objects turn TLS on. With an empty
caas the only option,Bun.serveandBun.listendo no TLS, as on main, andupgradeTLS({ isServer: true })throwsExpected "tls" option, as on main. That holds for the top-levelca: [], fortls: [{ ca: [] }], for a later entry of atlsarray (ignored) and forhttp3: true(throwsHTTP/3 requires 'tls' to be set). A server that has no certificate cannot do TLS. The first commit of this PR made such a server an https listener that fails every handshake. The later commits keep main's rule (LoneEmptyCa::NoTlsOption). An error at start for every TLS listener that has no certificate is a different change.Two more, in node:* only:
ca("",false,0) in a node:tls secure context takes an installedtls.setDefaultCACertificates()override, like acathat is not given.https.Agent#getName()ends with:ca=[]forca: [], and with:ca=emptyfor any other truthycawith no content ([""], an empty Buffer). In Node both names are the one of noca, so there aca: []request takes a pooled socket that the default roots verified.Rows 1 to 7 and the two node:* items have a row in the tests. Row 8 has none.
Not included
tls.setDefaultCACertificates([]), these still trust the default roots:fetch,WebSocket,Bun.connect,https.createServer,Bun.serve,Bun.listen(measured). Node refuses onfetch. The override lives in JS and only node:tls reads it. node: net/tls/http/http2 compat fixes #41400 moves it into the native root store.tls: {}keeps its meaning (Bun.connect: a tls object that sets no option means tls: true #44681 is open for the client side), and so does a listener that has no certificate.ca(src/runtime/node/quic/tls.rs,ca_pem.is_empty()).bun install: bunfig[install] ca = []keeps the default roots.HTTPContext::init_with_thread_optspasses NULL for an empty list.ca: [""],ca: "\n"and an empty Buffer throwERR_BORINGSSL Invalid CAat construction. Node takes them as an empty list.caoutside a node:tls secure context.https.createServerfails atlisten()for"",falseand0.wsandnode-fetchthrow forfalseand0. Node accepts all of them. This branch does not change that.addContext(name, { cert: leafOnly, ca }): Node completes the chain, Bun presents the leaf alone. Main does this forca: [pem]. This branch addsca: [].Precedent for "an empty list replaces the defaults":
trustedDependencies: []runs no lifecycle scripts (#8943,docs/pm/lifecycle.mdx).Rows that Node also runs
30 rows of
node-tls-ca-empty-fixture.mjsuse node:* alone. Node v26.3.0 and this branch print the same value in 30 of 30. Main differs in 17:ca: []ca: [], rejectUnauthorized: falsesecureContext: createSecureContext({ ca: [] })createSecureContext({ ca: [] }), thenaddCACert(another root)ca: []secureContextca: []secureContextca: ''ca: []ca: []ca: []ca: []setSecureContext({ ca: [] })addContext('localhost', { ca: [] })ca: []Node's own
test/js/node/test/parallel/test-tls-client-verify.jshas aca: []case. It passes on main only because its CAs are not default roots. With them inNODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTSit fails on main ("successful tests: 1") and passes here ("successful tests: 3").The 44 Bun-only rows: main differs in 16 and throws in the "RedisClient, Bun.SQL" mode. A
{ ca: [], cert, key }client: on main the server saw the client certificate fortls.connect,fetchandBun.connect. On this branch it saw none.Measurements
Release builds (
bun run build:release) of main 6c1eb06 and of this branch, Linux x64.ca: [],{}and{ ca: pem }: 339 to 346 and 340 to 360 instructions, +1 conditional jump, +0 calls, +0 allocations (gdb single-step inside the parser:from_generated,handle_file_for_field).content_hash, once per config:Wyhash::updatecalls 27 to 28 for{ serverName }and 28 to 29 for{ ca: pem }. Each added call hashes 1 byte.us_internal_ssl_attachis 994 B andus_internal_ssl_client_verify_defaultsis 385 B in both builds.size): text 89,151,860 B to 89,153,116 B (+1,256 B)..text+1,120 B:us_ssl_ctx_build_raw+672,us_ssl_ctx_add_ca_cert+196,us_ssl_ctx_get_own_cert_store507 to 0 (inlined),content_hash+272, the parser +123 (from_generated, nowfrom_generated_with),from_js_for_socket+184 (new),handle_file_for_field+16. Built-in JS +136 B. The stripped file is 89,318,984 B in both. Defined global symbols 692 to 692.Bun.listencontext with a 521,997-byteNODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS(/proc/self/iorchar): no ca 522,097 to 522,099.ca: []522,092 to 95.ca: []+allowPartialTrustChain522,092 to 95.ca: [pem]95 to 95.ca: [pem]+allowPartialTrustChain522,092 to 95. A context with its owncano longer loads the default roots forcrl,allowPartialTrustChainoraddCACert.{ key, cert, ca: [] }server withoutrequestCert(openssl s_client -msg, TLS 1.2 and 1.3): 0 onBun.serve,Bun.listen,tls,https,http2, as on main and on Node. A client without a certificate gets 200 on 5 of 5.SSL_CTXwhile 50 interleavedtls.connect({})andtls.connect({ ca: [] })sockets are open: +3 (main +2). 25 authorized and 25 refused, alternating (main: 50 authorized).{ serverName }, then{ serverName, ca: [] }: 1 to 2. Then{ serverName, sigalgs: "" }: 200 on the pooled tunnel toFailedToOpenSocket, which is what a fresh connection gives.Tests
node-tls-ca-empty.test.tsruns one child per API family, because the default roots of a process are fixed at its start. Each child makes the certificate in use a default root withNODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS. A "no ca" row is the control. The six node:* modes also run under Node when it is v24.5.0 or later.bun-serve-ssl.test.ts: three policies join the client-certificate matrix of tls: consolidate the open TLS fixes (both engines, node:tls, node:https, WebSocket, SQL) #44618 (requestCert,ca: [],ca: [], requestCert), with ca5 as a default root. That is 8 server kinds and TLS 1.2 and 1.3. The two tests beside it get the 30 s timeout of the others: in a debug build here they took 8 s and 9 s.ssl-ctx-cache.test.ts: the test that named this as a follow-up has a new comment. One new test covers a falsycaon a client.bun bd testwithsrc/andpackages/of main fails 13 of 19, 1 of 19 and 1 of 41 in the three files. The 6 that pass in the first file are the Node runs.test-tls-client-allow-partial-trust-chain.js). 3 more fail only when 4 files run at once, on either build, and pass alone on both.Self-review
The review raised 23 concerns, and 23 are addressed in the diff or in this text. One part is declined: it asked to move the
setSecureContextandaddContextrows into the server matrix ofbun-serve-ssl.test.ts. They stay innode-tls-ca-empty-fixture.mjs, because there Node runs them too. The review priced two answers for a server whose only TLS option is an emptyca. The first commit took the uniform one. The later commits take the other one, after the review on this PR found the same problem.Not run
Windows and macOS (CI only). Windows named pipes.
no test proof · iteration 4 · platform-specific test(s) that do not run on this machine, deferring to CI, which covers all platforms: test/js/bun/http/bun-serve-ssl.test.ts