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…d null elements as NULL An untyped sql.array() always bound its parameter as json[]. Writing it into a text[] column stored each string in its JSON form, with the quotes, and a cast to int[] failed. The element type is now inferred from the values: TEXT, INTEGER, BIGINT, DOUBLE PRECISION, NUMERIC, BOOLEAN, TIMESTAMPTZ or BYTEA, with JSON for objects, mixed kinds and empty arrays. A null or undefined element is serialized as an unquoted NULL under every type instead of the string "null". Fixes #41242
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Updated 11:22 PM PT - Sep 2nd, 2026
✅ @robobun, your commit 8aed1b85ba329be271dd391c756eb69f38dab21f passed in 🧪 To try this PR locally: bunx bun-pr 41246That installs a local version of the PR into your bun-41246 --bun |
…he null hunk with #35111
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Walkthrough
ChangesPostgreSQL array typing
Merge Risk: 🟡 Moderate · up to Typed PostgreSQL array binding remains at risk of incorrect inferred types under mutable builtin behavior, and its documentation can misdescribe JSON null handling. These issues should be addressed before merge. 🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4✅ Passed checks (4 passed)
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In `@docs/runtime/sql.mdx`:
- Line 418: Update the SQL parameter type descriptions in docs/runtime/sql.mdx
lines 418-418 and packages/bun-types/sql.d.ts lines 763-767 to state that arrays
containing only null or undefined elements bind as JSON, alongside the existing
empty-array behavior.
In `@src/js/internal/sql/postgres.ts`:
- Line 319: Update PostgresAdapter.array() to inspect every homogeneous bigint
element and select BIGINT only when all values fit PostgreSQL’s signed 64-bit
range; select NUMERIC if any value is outside it. Add boundary tests covering
9223372036854775807n and 9223372036854775808n.
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Inline comments:
In `@docs/runtime/sql.mdx`:
- Line 418: Update the type-inference documentation to state that in-range
bigint values bind as BIGINT and values outside PostgreSQL’s signed int64 range
bind as NUMERIC. Apply this wording in docs/runtime/sql.mdx at lines 418-418 and
packages/bun-types/sql.d.ts at lines 767-767 within the SQL.array JSDoc.
In `@src/js/internal/sql/postgres.ts`:
- Line 150: Update the array element serialization around the null handling in
the PostgreSQL SQL builder so null emits the unquoted SQL NULL token only for
non-JSON arrays; preserve JSON null elements for inferred and explicit
JSON/JSONB array types. Update the corresponding SQL runtime documentation to
scope the behavior to non-JSON arrays, and add regression coverage for both
inferred and explicitly typed JSON arrays.
- Line 272: Cache the original Number.isSafeInteger function during module
initialization, then update inferArrayType to call that cached reference instead
of reading the mutable Number property at runtime; do not introduce a
nonexistent $NumberIsSafeInteger intrinsic.
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Inline comments:
In `@docs/runtime/sql.mdx`:
- Line 418: Correct the array type documentation so numeric mixtures of number
and bigint are described as selecting BIGINT or NUMERIC rather than JSON; update
the mixed-kind wording to explicitly mean non-numeric mixed kinds in
docs/runtime/sql.mdx (lines 418-418) and packages/bun-types/sql.d.ts (lines
768-768).
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Inline comments:
In `@docs/runtime/sql.mdx`:
- Line 418: Update the SQL type-inference documentation so arrays containing
only null or undefined are explicitly described as binding as JSON. Apply this
wording at docs/runtime/sql.mdx lines 418-418 and in the SQL.array JSDoc at
packages/bun-types/sql.d.ts lines 769-769, keeping both public descriptions
consistent.
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Inline comments:
In `@docs/runtime/sql.mdx`:
- Line 418: Update the SQL binding documentation in docs/runtime/sql.mdx at
lines 418-418 and the JSDoc in packages/bun-types/sql.d.ts at lines 769-770:
state that null and undefined array elements serialize as unquoted SQL NULL only
for non-JSON array types, using consistent wording in both locations.
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Both issues I flagged earlier are fixed — the BYTEA serializer now runs the \x prefix through arrayEscape so the array parser hands \xHEX to byteain, and bigints outside ±2⁶³-1 fall back to NUMERIC; both have round-trip test coverage. I didn't find further bugs. A maintainer should still sign off on the default-behavior change itself, since it intentionally trades a working-but-wrong JSON[] echo for a decoder failure on SELECT ${sql.array([1, null])} / nested int arrays until the int4[] decoder lands.
Reviewed: inferArrayType control flow for each kind and the number/bigint mixing rules against the stated semantics; the null-element serialization change (unquoted null vs the string "null" still quoted, verified by the text_nulls test); arrayEscape behavior on the new BYTEA path; the enabled postgres.js-ported array tests and the pg_typeof matrix.
Extended reasoning...
Overview
The PR changes sql.array()'s default binding in the Postgres adapter from a hard-coded JSON[] to a type inferred from the element values, fixes null-element serialization to emit SQL NULL instead of the quoted string, and fixes BYTEA element escaping so buffers round-trip. Four files touched: the builtin JS module src/js/internal/sql/postgres.ts (inference + serializer fixes), test/js/sql/sql.test.ts (three new tests, a bytea round-trip, four un-commented postgres.js tests), and matching docs/types updates.
Security risks
None identified. The values continue to flow through bound parameters ($N::TYPE[]) with the existing arrayEscape quoting for the array-literal text; no user input reaches SQL text unescaped. Type inference only reads typeof, Number.isSafeInteger, Buffer.isBuffer, instanceof Date, and $isArray on the caller's own values.
Level of scrutiny
Medium-high. This is a user-facing default-behavior change to a database binding helper. The code itself is small and well-tested, but the design decision — accepting that echo-back queries on nested/null-containing int arrays now hard-fail (pending a separate decoder fix) in exchange for correct typed-column writes and = ANY(...) — is a product call a maintainer should ratify, not something an automated review should approve unilaterally.
Other factors
Both concrete bugs I raised on earlier pushes (single-backslash BYTEA literal causing xHEX to be stored as bytes; out-of-int64 bigints binding as BIGINT[] and erroring) were fixed in follow-up commits and now have direct assertions in sql.test.ts (blobs round-trip, int64_bounds vs beyond_int64). The src/js intrinsic conventions ($isArray) are followed in the new code. No outstanding third-party CHANGES_REQUESTED reviews block.
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#41301 fixes the same issue with a different default: an untyped |
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Closing in favor of #41301. It fixes #41242 without a cast, so The tests from this PR that still apply are in #41301. If a maintainer prefers the cast, this PR can be reopened. |
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Problem
sql.array(["a", "b"])with no type binds as$1::JSON[]. A write into atext[]column stores each string in its JSON form, so the column holds"a"with the quotes.pg_typeofreportsjson[],::int[]fails withcannot cast type json[] to integer[], andid = ANY(...)fails withoperator does not exist: integer = json. No error is raised for thetext[]case. Fixes Bun.SQL:sql.array()bindsjson[], so atext[]column silently stores JSON-quoted elements #41242.getArrayType()insrc/js/internal/sql/postgres.ts, which returns"JSON"when no type is given. Both untyped examples indocs/runtime/sql.mdxare broken by it.nullelement under a non-JSON type was serialized as the quoted string"null"(JSON.stringify(null)in the default branch ofarrayValueSerializer), sosql.array(["a", null], "TEXT")stored the stringnull. With inference, an untyped["a", null]would hit the same bug, so the two fixes ship together.Fix
inferArrayType()scans every element (nested arrays included,nullandundefinedskipped) and picks the element type: stringsTEXT, safe integersINTEGERorBIGINT(by int32 range), other numbersDOUBLE PRECISION, bigintsBIGINT(NUMERICwhen one is outside int64 or mixed with a float), booleansBOOLEAN, datesTIMESTAMPTZ, buffersBYTEA. Objects, typed array views, mixed kinds, empty and all-null arrays stayJSON.{...}text literal and the cast is still$N::<TYPE>[]. Explicit types are unchanged. The number rule mirrors the scalar inference insrc/sql_jsc/postgres/types/tag_jsc.rs, soid = ANY(...)on an int or bigint key keeps its index scan.nullelement now serializes as an unquotednull, the same token theundefinedbranch already used. sql: union batch-insert keys across all rows; encode null as SQL NULL in sql.array #35111 makes the same change at this line.bytea[]element now reaches the server as\xHEX. The literal used to carry a single backslash, which the array parser consumed, sobyteainstored the textxHEXas bytes. Inference routes untyped buffers into this path, so the fix ships here.test/js/sql/sql.test.ts(three new tests, abytea[]round trip, plus the four ported postgres.js array tests that were commented out; stock bun fails four of them). The JSDoc inpackages/bun-types/sql.d.tsanddocs/runtime/sql.mdxdescribe the new default.Background
sql.array(values, type)is the PostgreSQL-only helper that turns a JS array into one bind parameter. The JS side builds the array text literal ({1,2,3}) and emits$N::TYPE[]in the query. The server parses the literal with the input function ofTYPE. This helper is the only place the client picks the cast, so inference can live nowhere else.json[]accepted any value kind, which is why it was the default. The cost is that every string element is JSON-encoded, and that cost is invisible until the value reaches a typed column.String()and leave the type to context. They never JSON-quote strings.Notes
BIGINT(an index on a bigint key stays usable). A float with a bigint givesNUMERIC, becauseDOUBLE PRECISIONwould lose bigint precision andBIGINTwould reject the float.[new Uint8Array([1, 2])]) keeps theJSONdefault, because the serializer today writes it as a nested array ({{1,2}}) and onlyjson[]reads that back as the same value. sql(postgres): hex-encode Uint8Array/DataView elements in sql.array; stop TypedArray.map coercion #36241 changes that serialization to hex. It can switch this one branch toBYTEAwhen it lands. The inference code does not use theisTypedArrayhelper that sql(postgres): hex-encode Uint8Array/DataView elements in sql.array; stop TypedArray.map coercion #36241 removes, so the two merge in either order.int4[]result decoder rejects multi-dimensional arrays and arrays with NULL elements (MultidimensionalArrayNotSupportedYet,NullsInArrayNotSupportedYetinsrc/sql_jsc/postgres/DataCell.rs). So a query that echoes the parameter back,SELECT ${sql.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])}orSELECT ${sql.array([1, null])}, now fails withFailed to read data, where it returned a JSON array before. The same queries fail today with an explicit"INT"type, and so does any parameterized query that returns such anint[]column. Writes intoint[]andint[][]columns and= ANY(...)work. postgres: decode binary int4[]/float4[] with NULLs and multiple dimensions #33577 fixes the decoder.sql.unsafe("select $1::text[]", [["a", "b"]])) from the issue is a different code path (PostgresRequest.rs), covered by postgres: encode array parameters as text array literals #33579.test/js/sql/sql.test.tslocally. The failures are local environment only (SQL_ASCII server encoding, missing md5 and scram users), the same set fails without this diff.test/integration/bun-types/bun-types.test.ts.undefined). The fourth, to land postgres: decode binary int4[]/float4[] with NULLs and multiple dimensions #33577 first, is noted above rather than blocking: the regressed cases only echo the parameter back, and the write andANYpaths that the issue is about work.