Align log sdk naming with api (#2768)

Resolves #2752.

This aligns log SDK and API concepts which have diverged after the merged of #2676. This PR brings alignment to the log API and SDK, and in brings the log signal into alignment with tracing and metrics where there is conceptual overlap. There shouldn't be any new concepts introduced here.

- Rename `../logs/logging-library-sdk.md` to `../logs/sdk.md`
- Remove wording from SDK that implies that an API doesn't exist, like [this](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blame/main/specification/logs/logging-library-sdk.md#L60-L62).
- Move [How to Create Log4j Style Appender](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blame/main/specification/logs/logging-library-sdk.md#L219) to `api.md` since it describes an API use case.
- Move [Implicit / Explicit Context Injection](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blame/main/specification/logs/logging-library-sdk.md#L270-L288) sections to `api.md` since they describe API level considerations.
- Rename Logger [create](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/blame/main/specification/logs/api.md#L133) method to be emit, to align with SDK concept of `LogRecordProcessor#onEmit(..)`.
- Rename `LogProcessor`, `LogExporter` to `LogRecordProcessor`, `LogRecordExporter`. 
- Fill in various SDK level TODOs related to shutdown and flushing. The language from these was taken directly from the metrics / tracing SDK - no new concepts were introduced.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ release.
 - Update log SDK to allow log processors to mutate log records
   ([#2681](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/pull/2681)).
 - Add experimental Events and Logs API specification
-  ([#2676](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/pull/2676))
+  ([#2676](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/pull/2676)).
+- Align log SDK and API component naming
+  ([#2768](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/pull/2768)).
 
 ### Resource
 

spec-compliance-matrix.md

@@ -210,23 +210,23 @@ formats is required. Implementing more than one format is optional.
 
 Disclaimer: this list of features is still a work in progress, please refer to the specification if in any doubt.
 
-| Feature                                                      | Optional | Go  | Java | JS  | Python | Ruby | Erlang | PHP | Rust | C++ | .NET | Swift |
-|--------------------------------------------------------------|----------|-----|------|-----|--------|------|--------|-----|------|-----|------|-------|
-| **[Logging SDK](specification/logs/logging-library-sdk.md)** | Optional | Go  | Java | JS  | Python | Ruby | Erlang | PHP | Rust | C++ | .NET | Swift |
-| LogEmitterProvider.Get LogEmitter                            |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
-| LogEmitterProvider.Get LogEmitter accepts attributes         |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
-| LogEmitterProvider.Shutdown                                  |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
-| LogEmitterProvider.ForceFlush                                |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
-| LogEmitter.Emit(LogRecord)                                   |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
-| SimpleLogProcessor                                           |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| BatchLogProcessor                                            |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| Can plug custom log processor                                |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| OTLP/gRPC exporter                                           |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| OTLP/HTTP exporter                                           |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| OTLP File exporter                                           |          |     | -    |     |   -    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
-| Can plug custom log exporter                                 |          |     | +    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| Implicit Context Injection                                   |          |     | -    |     |   +    |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
-| Explicit Context                                             |          |     | +    |     |   -    |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| Feature                                      | Optional | Go  | Java | JS  | Python | Ruby | Erlang | PHP | Rust | C++ | .NET | Swift |
+|----------------------------------------------|----------|-----|------|-----|--------|------|--------|-----|------|-----|------|-------|
+| **[Logging SDK](specification/logs/sdk.md)** | Optional | Go  | Java | JS  | Python | Ruby | Erlang | PHP | Rust | C++ | .NET | Swift |
+| LoggerProvider.Get Logger                    |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| LoggerProvider.Get Logger accepts attributes |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
+| LoggerProvider.Shutdown                      |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| LoggerProvider.ForceFlush                    |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| Logger.Emit(LogRecord)                       |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| SimpleLogRecordProcessor                     |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
+| BatchLogRecordProcessor                      |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
+| Can plug custom LogRecordProcessor           |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
+| OTLP/gRPC exporter                           |          |     | +    |     | +      |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
+| OTLP/HTTP exporter                           |          |     | +    |     | +      |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
+| OTLP File exporter                           |          |     | -    |     | -      |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
+| Can plug custom LogRecordExporter            |          |     |      |     |        |      |        |     |      |     |      |       |
+| Implicit Context Injection                   |          |     | -    |     | +      |      |        |     |      |     | +    |       |
+| Explicit Context                             |          |     | +    |     | -      |      |        |     |      |     | -    |       |
 
 ## Resource
 

specification/common/attribute-type-mapping.md

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The mapping is needed when OpenTelemetry needs to convert a value produced outsi
 OpenTelemetry into a value that can be exported using an OTLP exporter, or otherwise be
 converted to be used inside OpenTelemetry boundaries. Example use cases are the following:
 
-- In [Logging Library SDK](../logs/logging-library-sdk.md)s, to convert values received
+- In the [Logging SDK](../logs/sdk.md)s, to convert values received
   from logging libraries into OpenTelemetry representation.
 - In the Collector, to convert values received from various data sources into
   [pdata](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector/blob/4998703dadd19fa91a88eabf7ccc68d728bee3fd/model/pdata/common.go#L84)

specification/logs/api.md

@@ -9,12 +9,18 @@
 
 <!-- toc -->
 
-- [Data Model](#data-model)
 - [LoggerProvider](#loggerprovider)
   * [LoggerProvider operations](#loggerprovider-operations)
     + [Get a Logger](#get-a-logger)
 - [Logger](#logger)
   * [Logger operations](#logger-operations)
+    + [Emit Event](#emit-event)
+    + [Emit LogRecord](#emit-logrecord)
+- [LogRecord](#logrecord)
+- [Usage](#usage)
+  * [How to Create Log4J Style Appender](#how-to-create-log4j-style-appender)
+  * [Implicit Context Injection](#implicit-context-injection)
+  * [Explicit Context Injection](#explicit-context-injection)
 
 <!-- tocstop -->
 
@@ -23,7 +29,9 @@
 The Events and Logs API consist of these main classes:
 
 * LoggerProvider is the entry point of the API. It provides access to Loggers.
-* Logger is the class responsible for creating events and logs using Log records.
+* Logger is the class responsible for
+  creating [Events](./semantic_conventions/events.md)
+  and [Logs](./data-model.md#log-and-event-record-definition) as LogRecords.
 
 LoggerProvider/Logger are analogous to TracerProvider/Tracer.
 
@@ -34,10 +42,6 @@ graph TD
     B --> D(Log)
 ```
 
-## Data Model
-
-The API creates Events and Logs using the `LogRecord` data model. See `LogRecord` [data model](data-model.md) for the list of fields.
-
 ## LoggerProvider
 
 `Logger`s can be accessed with a `LoggerProvider`.
@@ -51,10 +55,10 @@ LoggerProvider.
 
 Notwithstanding any global LoggerProvider, some applications may want to or have
 to use multiple LoggerProvider instances, e.g. to have different configuration
-(like LogProcessors) for each (and consequently for the Loggers obtained
-from them), or because it's easier with dependency injection frameworks. Thus,
-implementations of LoggerProvider SHOULD allow creating an arbitrary number of
-instances.
+(like [LogRecordProcessors](sdk.md#logrecordprocessor)) for each (and
+consequently for the Loggers obtained from them), or because it's easier with
+dependency injection frameworks. Thus, implementations of LoggerProvider SHOULD
+allow creating an arbitrary number of instances.
 
 ### LoggerProvider operations
 
@@ -87,10 +91,10 @@ produced by this library.
 the scope has a version (e.g. a library version). Example value: 1.0.0.
 - `schema_url` (optional): Specifies the Schema URL that should be recorded in
 the emitted telemetry.
-- `event_domain` (optional): Specifies the domain for the events created, which
+- `event_domain` (optional): Specifies the domain for the Events emitted, which
 should be added as `event.domain` attribute of the instrumentation scope.
 - `include_trace_context` (optional): Specifies whether the Trace Context should
-automatically be passed on to the events and logs created by the Logger. This
+automatically be passed on to the Events and Logs emitted by the Logger. This
 SHOULD be true by default.
 - `attributes` (optional): Specifies the instrumentation scope attributes to
 associate with emitted telemetry.
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ instance is a valid implementation. The only exception to this rule is the no-op
 `Logger`: implementations MAY return the same instance regardless of parameter
 values.
 
-Implementations MUST NOT require users to repeatedly obtain an Logger again with
+Implementations MUST NOT require users to repeatedly obtain a Logger again with
 the same name+version+schema_url+event_domain+include_trace_context+attributes
 to pick up configuration changes. This can be achieved either by allowing to
 work with an outdated configuration or by ensuring that new configuration
@@ -121,7 +125,7 @@ the emitted data format is capable of representing such association.
 
 ## Logger
 
-The `Logger` is responsible for creating Events and Logs.
+The `Logger` is responsible for emitting Events and Logs.
 
 Note that `Logger`s should not be responsible for configuration. This should be
 the responsibility of the `LoggerProvider` instead.
@@ -130,16 +134,120 @@ the responsibility of the `LoggerProvider` instead.
 
 The Logger MUST provide functions to:
 
-- Create a `LogRecord`, representing an `Event` and emit it to the processing
-pipeline.
-  - The API MUST accept an event name as a parameter. The event name provided
-  should be recorded as an attribute with key `event.name`. Care MUST be taken
-  by the implementation to not override or delete this attribute while the
-  `Event` is created to preserve its identity.
-  - Events require the `event.domain` attribute. The API MUST not allow creating
-  an event if the Logger instance doesn't have `event.domain` scope attribute.
-  - This function MAY be named `logEvent`.
-- Create a `LogRecord` and emit it to the processing pipeline.
-  - This function MAY be named `logRecord`.
-  - This API is intended for use by Log Appenders, and SHOULD not be used by end
-  users or other instrumentation.
+#### Emit Event
+
+Emit a `LogRecord` representing an Event to the processing pipeline.
+
+This function MAY be named `logEvent`.
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+* `name` - the Event name. This argument MUST be recorded as a `LogRecord`
+  attribute with the key `event.name`. Care MUST be taken by the implementation
+  to not override or delete this attribute while the Event is emitted to
+  preserve its identity.
+* `logRecord` - the [LogRecord](#logrecord) representing the Event.
+
+Events require the `event.domain` attribute. The API MUST not allow creating an
+Event if the Logger instance doesn't have `event.domain` scope attribute.
+
+#### Emit LogRecord
+
+Emit a `LogRecord` to the processing pipeline.
+
+This function MAY be named `logRecord`.
+
+This API is intended for use
+by [Log Appenders](#how-to-create-log4j-style-appender), and SHOULD not be used
+by end users or other instrumentation.
+
+**Parameters:**
+
+* `logRecord` - the [LogRecord](#logrecord).
+
+## LogRecord
+
+The API emits [Events](#emit-event) and [LogRecords](#emit-logrecord) using
+the `LogRecord` [data model](data-model.md).
+
+A function receiving this as an argument MUST be able to set the following
+fields:
+
+- [Timestamp](./data-model.md#field-timestamp)
+- [Observed Timestamp](./data-model.md#field-observedtimestamp)
+- [Trace Context](./data-model.md#trace-context-fields)
+- [Severity Number](./data-model.md#field-severitynumber)
+- [Severity Text](./data-model.md#field-severitytext)
+- [Body](./data-model.md#field-body)
+- [Attributes](./data-model.md#field-attributes)
+
+## Usage
+
+### How to Create Log4J Style Appender
+
+An Appender implementation can be used to allow emitting logs via
+OpenTelemetry [LogRecordExporters](sdk.md#logrecordexporter). This approach is
+typically used for applications which are fine with changing the log transport
+and is [one of the supported](README.md#direct-to-collector) log collection
+approaches.
+
+The Appender implementation will typically acquire a [Logger](#logger) from the
+global [LoggerProvider](#loggerprovider) at startup time, then
+call [Emit LogRecord](#emit-logrecord) for `LogRecords` received from the
+application.
+
+[Implicit Context Injection](#implicit-context-injection)
+and [Explicit Context Injection](#explicit-context-injection) describe how an
+Appender injects `TraceContext` into `LogRecords`.
+
+![Appender](img/appender.png)
+
+This same approach can be also used for example for:
+
+- Python logging library by creating a Handler.
+- Go zap logging library by implementing the Core interface. Note that since
+  there is no implicit Context in Go it is not possible to get and use the
+  active Span.
+
+Appenders can be created in OpenTelemetry language libraries by OpenTelemetry
+maintainers, or by 3rd parties for any logging library that supports a similar
+extension mechanism. This specification recommends each OpenTelemetry language
+library to include out-of-the-box Appender implementation for at least one
+popular logging library.
+
+### Implicit Context Injection
+
+When Context is implicitly available (e.g. in Java) the log library extension
+can rely on automatic context propagation
+by [obtaining a Logger](#get-a-logger) with `include_trace_context=true`.
+
+Some log libraries have mechanism specifically tailored for injecting contextual
+information into logs, such as MDC in Log4j. When available such mechanisms may
+be the preferable place to fetch the `TraceContext` and inject it into
+the `LogRecord`, since it usually allows fetching of the context to work
+correctly even when log records are emitted asynchronously which otherwise can
+result in the incorrect implicit context being fetched.
+
+TODO: clarify how works or doesn't work when the log statement call site and the
+log appender are executed on different threads.
+
+### Explicit Context Injection
+
+In languages where the Context must be provided explicitly (e.g. Go) the end
+user must capture the context and explicitly pass it to the logging subsystem in
+order for `TraceContext` to be recorded in `LogRecords`
+
+Support for OpenTelemetry for logging libraries in these languages typically can
+be implemented in the form of logger wrappers that can capture the context once,
+when the span is created and then use the wrapped logger to execute log
+statements in a normal way. The wrapper will be responsible for injecting the
+captured context in the `LogRecords`.
+
+This specification does not define how exactly it is achieved since the actual
+mechanism depends on the language and the particular logging library used. In
+any case the wrappers are expected to make use of the Trace Context API to get
+the current active span.
+
+See
+[an example](https://docs.google.com/document/d/15vR7D1x2tKd7u3zaTF0yH1WaHkUr2T4hhr7OyiZgmBg/edit#heading=h.4xuru5ljcups)
+of how it can be done for zap logging library for Go.