feat(instrumentation-pg): add error type to db duration metric

[maryliag]

Which problem is this PR solving?

• Part Of Prototype for Semantic Conventions for Database Metrics #2348

Short description of the changes

• Add error type to db duration operation metric. It uses the error codes from postgres, so we can limit cardinality and they're well known error codes.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 90.75%. Comparing base (b043ffb) to head (ca67d83).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2476   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   90.74%   90.75%           
=======================================
  Files         156      156           
  Lines        7728     7730    +2     
  Branches     1590     1591    +1     
=======================================
+ Hits         7013     7015    +2     
  Misses        715      715           

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...elemetry-instrumentation-pg/src/instrumentation.ts	89.83% <ø> (ø)
...node/opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg/src/utils.ts	97.67% <100.00%> (+0.03%)	⬆️