[Exporter.Prometheus] Make maximum buffer size configurable

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.AspNetCore/.publicApi/PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder.PrometheusExporterEndpointRouteBuilderExtensions
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.get -> bool
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.set -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes.get -> int
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions() -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.ResourceConstantLabels.get -> System.Func<string!, bool>?
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.ResourceConstantLabels.set -> void

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.AspNetCore/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -40,6 +40,14 @@ Notes](../../RELEASENOTES.md).
   `null` (no resource attributes are added as metric labels).
   ([#7471](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7471))
 
+* Add `PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes` to configure
+  the maximum size of a scrape response. The default is now ~166 MiB.
+  ([#7487](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7487))
+
+* A scrape whose serialized output exceeds the maximum scrape response size
+  limit now responds with HTTP 500.
+  ([#7487](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7487))
+
 ## 1.16.0-beta.1
 
 Released 2026-Jun-10

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.AspNetCore/PrometheusAspNetCoreOptions.cs

@@ -73,5 +73,17 @@ public Func<string, bool>? ResourceConstantLabels
         set => this.ExporterOptions.ResourceConstantLabels = value;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the maximum size in bytes that a single scrape response is allowed to grow to. Default value: ~166 MiB.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Increase this value when exposing a very large number of time series.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public int MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes
+    {
+        get => this.ExporterOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes;
+        set => this.ExporterOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes = value;
+    }
+
     internal PrometheusExporterOptions ExporterOptions { get; } = new();
 }

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.AspNetCore/PrometheusExporterMiddleware.cs

@@ -85,21 +85,29 @@ public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext httpContext)
             {
                 linkedCts.Token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
-                var dataView = collectionResponse.View;
-
-                response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status200OK;
-
-                if (dataView.Count > 0)
+                if (!collectionResponse.Succeeded)
                 {
-                    response.Headers.Append("Last-Modified", collectionResponse.GeneratedAtUtc.ToString("R"));
-                    response.ContentType = PrometheusProtocol.GetContentType(protocol);
-
-                    await WriteResponseAsync(response, dataView.Array.AsMemory(0, dataView.Count), AcceptsGZip(requestHeaders), linkedCts.Token);
+                    PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.ScrapeFailed();
+                    response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError;
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    // It's not expected to have no metrics to collect, but it's not necessarily a failure, either.
-                    PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.NoMetrics();
+                    var dataView = collectionResponse.View;
+
+                    response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status200OK;
+
+                    if (dataView.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        response.Headers.Append("Last-Modified", collectionResponse.GeneratedAtUtc.ToString("R"));
+                        response.ContentType = PrometheusProtocol.GetContentType(protocol);
+
+                        await WriteResponseAsync(response, dataView.Array.AsMemory(0, dataView.Count), AcceptsGZip(requestHeaders), linkedCts.Token);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // It's not expected to have no metrics to collect, but it's not necessarily a failure, either.
+                        PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.NoMetrics();
+                    }
                 }
             }
             catch (OperationCanceledException ex) when (ex.CancellationToken == linkedCts.Token)

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/.publicApi/PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt

@@ -1,23 +1,25 @@
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ConfigureHttpListener.get -> System.Action<OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions!, System.Net.HttpListener!>?
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ConfigureHttpListener.set -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.get -> bool
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.Host.get -> string!
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.Host.set -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes.get -> int
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.Port.get -> int
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.Port.set -> void
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.get -> bool
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters.set -> void
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScopeInfoEnabled.get -> bool
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScopeInfoEnabled.set -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions() -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ResourceConstantLabels.get -> System.Func<string!, bool>?
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ResourceConstantLabels.set -> void
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.TargetInfoEnabled.get -> bool
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.TargetInfoEnabled.set -> void
-OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions() -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScopeInfoEnabled.get -> bool
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScopeInfoEnabled.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScrapeEndpointPath.get -> string?
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScrapeEndpointPath.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScrapeResponseCacheDurationMilliseconds.get -> int
 OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.ScrapeResponseCacheDurationMilliseconds.set -> void
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.TargetInfoEnabled.get -> bool
+OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.TargetInfoEnabled.set -> void
 OpenTelemetry.Metrics.PrometheusHttpListenerMeterProviderBuilderExtensions
 static OpenTelemetry.Metrics.PrometheusHttpListenerMeterProviderBuilderExtensions.AddPrometheusHttpListener(this OpenTelemetry.Metrics.MeterProviderBuilder! builder) -> OpenTelemetry.Metrics.MeterProviderBuilder!
 static OpenTelemetry.Metrics.PrometheusHttpListenerMeterProviderBuilderExtensions.AddPrometheusHttpListener(this OpenTelemetry.Metrics.MeterProviderBuilder! builder, string? name, System.Action<OpenTelemetry.Exporter.PrometheusHttpListenerOptions!>? configure) -> OpenTelemetry.Metrics.MeterProviderBuilder!

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ Notes](../../RELEASENOTES.md).
   `null` (no resource attributes are added as metric labels).
   ([#7471](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7471))
 
+* Add `PrometheusHttpListenerOptions.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes` to configure
+  the maximum size of a scrape response. The default is now ~166 MiB.
+  ([#7487](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7487))
+
+* A scrape whose serialized output exceeds the maximum scrape response size
+  limit now responds with HTTP 500.
+  ([#7487](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-dotnet/pull/7487))
+
 ## 1.16.0-beta.1
 
 Released 2026-Jun-10

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/Internal/Shared/PrometheusCollectionManager.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ internal sealed class PrometheusCollectionManager
     private readonly long baseTimestamp = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
     private readonly PrometheusExporter.ExportFunc onCollectRef;
     private readonly Dictionary<Metric, PrometheusMetric> metricsCache;
+    private readonly int maxBufferSize;
+
     private int metricsCacheCount;
     private IReadOnlyList<KeyValuePair<string, object>>? resourceConstantLabels;
     private bool resourceConstantLabelsComputed;
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ public PrometheusCollectionManager(PrometheusExporter exporter)
         this.onCollectRef = this.OnCollect;
         this.metricsCache = [];
         this.GetElapsedTime = () => Stopwatch.GetElapsedTime(this.baseTimestamp);
+        this.maxBufferSize = this.exporter.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes;
     }
 
     internal Func<DateTime> UtcNow { get; set; } = static () => DateTime.UtcNow;
@@ -430,6 +433,14 @@ private CollectionResult CreateCollectionResult(CollectionContext collectionCont
         var protocols = executionResult.Protocols ?? collectionContext.FreezeProtocols();
         var responses = new Dictionary<PrometheusProtocol, CollectionResponse>(protocols.Length);
 
+        if (!succeeded && executionResult.Protocols is not null)
+        {
+            foreach (var protocol in protocols)
+            {
+                responses[protocol] = default;
+            }
+        }
+
         if (succeeded)
         {
             var generatedAt = this.UtcNow();
@@ -441,6 +452,7 @@ private CollectionResult CreateCollectionResult(CollectionContext collectionCont
                 if (successfulProtocols is not null &&
                     !successfulProtocols.Contains(protocol))
                 {
+                    responses[protocol] = default;
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -480,8 +492,12 @@ state.GeneratedAtElapsed is { } generatedAtElapsed &&
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    private PrometheusProtocolState GetProtocolState(in PrometheusProtocol protocol)
-        => this.protocolStates.GetOrAdd(protocol, static _ => new());
+    private PrometheusProtocolState GetProtocolState(in PrometheusProtocol protocol) =>
+#if NET
+        this.protocolStates.GetOrAdd(protocol, static (_, maxBufferSize) => new(maxBufferSize), this.maxBufferSize);
+#else
+        this.protocolStates.GetOrAdd(protocol, (_) => new(this.maxBufferSize));
+#endif
 
     private IReadOnlyList<KeyValuePair<string, object>>? GetResourceConstantLabels()
     {
@@ -653,13 +669,23 @@ public CollectionResponse(ArraySegment<byte> view, DateTime generatedAtUtc, bool
             this.View = view;
             this.GeneratedAtUtc = generatedAtUtc;
             this.FromCache = fromCache;
+            this.Succeeded = true;
         }
 
         public readonly ArraySegment<byte> View { get; }
 
         public readonly DateTime GeneratedAtUtc { get; }
 
         public readonly bool FromCache { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a value indicating whether the collection that produced this response succeeded.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Used to distinguish between a successful collection that produced an empty response
+        /// and a failed collection that produced no response.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public readonly bool Succeeded { get; }
     }
 
     private readonly struct CollectionResult
@@ -816,11 +842,16 @@ public bool TryRegisterProtocol(in PrometheusProtocol protocol, bool hasActiveRe
 
     private sealed class PrometheusProtocolState
     {
-        private const int InitialBufferSize = 85_000; // Encourage the object to live in Large Object Heap (LOH)
-        private const int MaxBufferSize = 100 * 1024 * 1024; // 100 MB
+        private const int InitialBufferSize = PrometheusExporterOptions.InitialScrapeResponseSizeBytes;
+        private readonly int maxBufferSize;
 
         private int readerCount;
 
+        public PrometheusProtocolState(int maxBufferSize)
+        {
+            this.maxBufferSize = Math.Max(maxBufferSize, InitialBufferSize);
+        }
+
         public static ArraySegment<byte> EmptyView { get; } =
 #if NET
             ArraySegment<byte>.Empty;
@@ -847,13 +878,17 @@ public void IncrementReaderCount()
 
         public bool TryExpandBuffer()
         {
-            var newBufferSize = this.Buffer.Length * 2;
-
-            if (newBufferSize > MaxBufferSize)
+            if (this.Buffer.Length >= this.maxBufferSize)
             {
                 return false;
             }
 
+            // Grow by doubling, but never past the configured maximum. Clamping
+            // to the maximum (rather than refusing the grow outright when the
+            // doubled size would overshoot) means the entire configured budget
+            // is usable, with no unreachable remainder.
+            var newBufferSize = (int)Math.Min((long)this.Buffer.Length * 2, this.maxBufferSize);
+
             var expanded = new byte[newBufferSize];
             this.Buffer.CopyTo(expanded, 0);
             this.Buffer = expanded;

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/Internal/Shared/PrometheusExporter.cs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ public PrometheusExporter(PrometheusExporterOptions options)
         this.TargetInfoEnabled = options.TargetInfoEnabled;
         this.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters = options.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters;
         this.ResourceConstantLabels = options.ResourceConstantLabels;
+        this.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes = options.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes;
 
         this.CollectionManager = new PrometheusCollectionManager(this);
     }
@@ -55,6 +56,8 @@ public PrometheusExporter(PrometheusExporterOptions options)
 
     internal Func<string, bool>? ResourceConstantLabels { get; }
 
+    internal int MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes { get; }
+
     internal Resource Resource
     {
         get => field ??= this.ParentProvider.GetResource();

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/Internal/Shared/PrometheusExporterEventSource.cs

@@ -103,4 +103,8 @@ public void MetricIgnored(Metrics.Metric metric)
     [Event(10, Message = "Metric '{0}' ignored as metrics of type '{1}' are not supported by Prometheus.", Level = EventLevel.Verbose)]
     public void MetricIgnored(string metricName, string metricType)
         => this.WriteEvent(10, metricName, metricType);
+
+    [Event(11, Message = "Failed to collect metrics for a scrape request; the response may have exceeded the configured maximum size.", Level = EventLevel.Error)]
+    public void ScrapeFailed()
+        => this.WriteEvent(11);
 }

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/Internal/Shared/PrometheusExporterOptions.cs

@@ -10,11 +10,31 @@ namespace OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class PrometheusExporterOptions
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The initial scrape response buffer size in bytes.
+    /// The buffer is always allocated at this size, so it is also the
+    /// smallest meaningful value for <see cref="MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public const int InitialScrapeResponseSizeBytes = 85_000; // Encourage the object to live in the Large Object Heap (LOH).
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The default maximum scrape response size in bytes (~166 MiB).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// The response buffer starts at <see cref="InitialScrapeResponseSizeBytes"/>
+    /// and grows on demand by doubling. This default is equal to that size
+    /// multiplied by <c>2^11</c>, i.e. the largest size reachable by that doubling
+    /// sequence, so the whole budget is usable and none is left as an unreachable
+    /// remainder.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public const int DefaultMaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes = InitialScrapeResponseSizeBytes * 2048;
+
     public PrometheusExporterOptions()
     {
         this.ScopeInfoEnabled = true;
         this.ScrapeResponseCacheDurationMilliseconds = 300;
         this.TargetInfoEnabled = true;
+        this.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes = DefaultMaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -56,4 +76,21 @@ public int ScrapeResponseCacheDurationMilliseconds
     /// attribute. Default value: <see langword="null"/> (no resource attributes are added as metric labels).
     /// </summary>
     public Func<string, bool>? ResourceConstantLabels { get; set; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the maximum size in bytes that a single scrape response is
+    /// allowed to grow to. Default value: <see cref="DefaultMaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes"/> (~166 MiB).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Increase this value when exposing a very large number of time series.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public int MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes
+    {
+        get;
+        set
+        {
+            Guard.ThrowIfOutOfRange(value, min: InitialScrapeResponseSizeBytes);
+            field = value;
+        }
+    }
 }

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/PrometheusHttpListener.cs

@@ -262,25 +262,34 @@ private async Task ProcessRequestAsync(HttpListenerContext context, Cancellation
 
                 context.Response.Headers.Add("Server", string.Empty);
 
-                var dataView = collectionResponse.View;
-
-                if (dataView.Count > 0)
+                if (!collectionResponse.Succeeded)
                 {
-                    context.Response.StatusCode = 200;
-                    context.Response.Headers.Add("Last-Modified", collectionResponse.GeneratedAtUtc.ToString("R"));
-                    context.Response.ContentType = PrometheusProtocol.GetContentType(protocol);
+                    PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.ScrapeFailed();
+                    context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
+                    context.Response.ContentLength64 = 0;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var dataView = collectionResponse.View;
+
+                    if (dataView.Count > 0)
+                    {
+                        context.Response.StatusCode = 200;
+                        context.Response.Headers.Add("Last-Modified", collectionResponse.GeneratedAtUtc.ToString("R"));
+                        context.Response.ContentType = PrometheusProtocol.GetContentType(protocol);
 
 #if NET
-                    await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(dataView.Array.AsMemory(0, dataView.Count), linkedCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(dataView.Array.AsMemory(0, dataView.Count), linkedCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 #else
-                    await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(dataView.Array, 0, dataView.Count, linkedCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        await context.Response.OutputStream.WriteAsync(dataView.Array, 0, dataView.Count, linkedCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 #endif
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    // It's not expected to have no metrics to collect, but it's not necessarily a failure, either.
-                    context.Response.StatusCode = 200;
-                    PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.NoMetrics();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // It's not expected to have no metrics to collect, but it's not necessarily a failure, either.
+                        context.Response.StatusCode = 200;
+                        PrometheusExporterEventSource.Log.NoMetrics();
+                    }
                 }
             }
             catch (OperationCanceledException ex) when (ex.CancellationToken == requestCancelled.Token)

src/OpenTelemetry.Exporter.Prometheus.HttpListener/PrometheusHttpListenerMeterProviderBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ private static BaseExportingMetricReader BuildPrometheusHttpListenerMetricReader
             TargetInfoEnabled = options.TargetInfoEnabled,
             DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters = options.DisableTotalNameSuffixForCounters,
             ResourceConstantLabels = options.ResourceConstantLabels,
+            MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes = options.MaxScrapeResponseSizeBytes,
         });
 
         var reader = new BaseExportingMetricReader(exporter)