Refactor componentattribute and move into service

[jade-guiton-dd]

Description

This PR splits the code handling component attribute injection, currently in internal/telemetry and internal/telemetry/componentattribute, into three parts:

• the part meant to be called by components to drop unwanted injected attributes, which remains in internal/telemetry;
• the part which handles copying Zap logs to an OTel LoggerProvider (where injected attributes are surfaced as instrumentation scope attributes), which is moved into service/telemetry/otelconftelemetry, since this "copying" behavior is specific to the otelconf-based telemetry provider;
• the rest is moved into service/internal/componentattribute.

The main goals of this split are:

• to address Reduce transitive dependencies of components regarding internal telemetry providers #13842, by moving most dependencies of componentattribute into the service
• to prepare for the availability of alternate telemetry providers.

I also rewrote a lot of the attribute injection code along the way:

• Instead of adding an unexported field in TelemetrySettings to store the current set of injected attributes, this set is now stored inside the provider wrappers (which was already partly the case). This allowed me to move the TelemetrySettings definition back into component, removing the dependency it had on componentattribute.

• I completely changed the approach for injection in logs. Instead of a chain of custom core wrappers with a withAttributeSet method, injected attributes are now set through the standard zapcore.Core.With method. By introducing a custom ObjectMarshaler, we can make injected attributes act like regular Zap fields, while also allowing special handling in the otelzap wrapper core, which will set them as instrumentation scope attributes instead of log record attributes.

If I'm not mistaken, this PR should have no externally-visible changes, so no changelog should be necessary. (Except maybe the _ struct{} in TelemetrySettings, but there was no changelog when we added those elsewhere)

Link to tracking issue

Updates #13842

Testing

The large amounts of splitting and refactoring led me to abandon the existing tests, as they would be too hard to adapt. I wrote new tests for the code in service/telemetry/otelconftelemetry and service/internal/componentattribute, which hopefully should fill that gap appropriately.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 86.12717% with 24 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 91.57%. Comparing base (71418b6) to head (bc17235).
⚠️ Report is 12 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
internal/telemetry/telemetry.go	0.00%	11 Missing ⚠️
service/telemetry/otelconftelemetry/logger_tee.go	77.27%	10 Missing ⚠️
service/internal/componentattribute/logger_zap.go	91.89%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

❌ Your patch status has failed because the patch coverage (86.12%) is below the target coverage (95.00%). You can increase the patch coverage or adjust the target coverage.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #13948      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.61%   91.57%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         655      658       +3     
  Lines       42793    42824      +31     
==========================================
+ Hits        39205    39216      +11     
- Misses       2765     2784      +19     
- Partials      823      824       +1     

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[jade-guiton-dd]

Regarding code coverage:

• internal/telemetry/telemetry.go should be covered by service/internal/componentattribute/telemetry_test.go and service/telemetry/otelconftelemetry/logger_test.go
• internal/telemetry/mock.go is a mock for testing purposes, used in receiver/otlpreceiver/factory_test.go and processor/memorylimiterprocessor/factory_test.go

CodeCov doesn't take these uses into account as they are in different modules.

[jade-guiton-dd]

@axw I can't tag you as reviewer but I would appreciate a review from you, notably on how well this fits into the "bring your own SDK" initiative.

[atoulme]

LGTM!

[axw]

Thanks @jade-guiton-dd, only minor concerns from me.

[jmacd]

Appreciate the PR desciption!

[mx-psi]

/easycla