feat: add arithmetic optimization pass

[TomAFrench]

Description

Problem*

Resolves

Summary*

Supercedes #8053

This PR adds a new "Arithmetic Optimizations" pass which runs towards the end of the SSA pipeline.

Additional Context

Documentation*

Check one:

• No documentation needed.
• Documentation included in this PR.
• [For Experimental Features] Documentation to be submitted in a separate PR.

PR Checklist*

• I have tested the changes locally.
• I have formatted the changes with Prettier and/or cargo fmt on default settings.

[github-actions]

⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Execution Memory'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.20.

Benchmark suite	Current: ead4cec	Previous: 8d34b67	Ratio
private-kernel-inner	270.21 MB	209.31 MB	1.29
private-kernel-reset	453.74 MB	246.05 MB	1.84
rollup-base-private	1320 MB	486.79 MB	2.71
rollup-base-public	1320 MB	462.77 MB	2.85
rollup-block-root	7780 MB	1710 MB	4.55
rollup-root	321.95 MB	260.72 MB	1.23

This comment was automatically generated by workflow using github-action-benchmark.

CC: @TomAFrench