Removes some of the performance overhead that came with
`executionAsyncResource()` by using the JS resource array
only as a cache for the values provided by C++. The fact that we now
use an entry trampoline is used to pass the resource without
requiring extra C++/JS boundary crossings, and the direct accesses
to the JS resource array from C++ are removed in all fast paths.

This particularly improves performance when async hooks are not
being used.

This is a continuation of nodejs#33575
and shares some of its code with it.

    ./node benchmark/compare.js --new ./node --old ./node-master --runs 30 --filter messageport worker | Rscript benchmark/compare.R
    [00:06:14|% 100| 1/1 files | 60/60 runs | 2/2 configs]: Done
                                                       confidence improvement accuracy (*)    (**)   (***)
     worker/messageport.js n=1000000 payload='object'         **     12.64 %       ±7.30%  ±9.72% ±12.65%
     worker/messageport.js n=1000000 payload='string'          *     11.08 %       ±9.00% ±11.98% ±15.59%

    ./node benchmark/compare.js --new ./node --old ./node-master --runs 20 --filter async-resource-vs-destroy async_hooks | Rscript benchmark/compare.R
    [00:22:35|% 100| 1/1 files | 40/40 runs | 6/6 configs]: Done
                                                                                                                                                                         confidence improvement accuracy (*)
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='async-local-storage' benchmarker='autocannon'                     1.60 %       ±7.35%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='async-resource' benchmarker='autocannon'                          6.05 %       ±6.57%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='destroy' benchmarker='autocannon'                          *      8.27 %       ±7.50%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='async-local-storage' benchmarker='autocannon'                 7.42 %       ±8.22%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='async-resource' benchmarker='autocannon'                      4.33 %       ±7.84%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='destroy' benchmarker='autocannon'                             5.96 %       ±7.15%
                                                                                                                                                                           (**)   (***)
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='async-local-storage' benchmarker='autocannon'      ±9.84% ±12.94%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='async-resource' benchmarker='autocannon'           ±8.81% ±11.60%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='async' type='destroy' benchmarker='autocannon'                 ±10.07% ±13.28%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='async-local-storage' benchmarker='autocannon' ±11.01% ±14.48%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='async-resource' benchmarker='autocannon'      ±10.50% ±13.81%
     async_hooks/async-resource-vs-destroy.js n=1000000 duration=5 connections=500 path='/' asyncMethod='callbacks' type='destroy' benchmarker='autocannon'              ±9.58% ±12.62%

Refs: nodejs#33575