[vcpkg_configure_make] Fix processing of CMAKE_<LANG>_STANDARD_LIBRARIES

[dg0yt]

Linker flags must be preserved, not prefixed with -l.
Fixes #30327.
Tested with libpq:arm-android (reproducer), libpq:x64-mingw-dynamic (w.r.t. -luuid).

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

[Adela0814]

@dg0yt Can this be duplicate to #31228?

[dg0yt]

@dg0yt Can this be duplicate to #31228?

Not so much. This PR (30381) is complete and done and fixes one particular issue.
#31228 includes it so that it is possible do minimize the number of rebuilds on the user side. But is entirely unpredictable how it will pass through baseline regression and review. So you must decide if you can approve #31228 soon enough.

[Adela0814]

We will review and approve #31228 as soon as possible, I will be converting your PR to draft status.

[dg0yt]

Closing in favor of #31228.