[vtk] Fix proj, trim feature dependencies

[dg0yt]

Prevents using an outdated system header with vcpkg lib of PROJ.
Enables user to opt-out from default features of proj and gdal.
Drop wrong dependency on mpi for gdal.

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

[dg0yt]

Waiting for #29664 to be merged first (or to integrate this change).
I could also include results from the discussion in #29724.

[dg0yt]

@FrankXie05 Friendly ping.