microsoft · guschmue · Dec 3, 2025 · Nov 18, 2025 · Nov 18, 2025 · Nov 19, 2025
diff --git a/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/conv.cc b/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/conv.cc
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 // Licensed under the MIT License.
 #include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/conv.h"
 #include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/conv2d_mm.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.h"
 #include "core/providers/webgpu/shader_helper.h"
 #include "core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_supported_types.h"
 #include "core/providers/webgpu/tensor/transpose.h"
@@ -99,10 +100,34 @@ Status Conv<is_channels_last, is_fused>::ComputeInternal(ComputeContext& context
     modified_input_output_shapes.push_back(bias->Shape());
   }
   modified_input_output_shapes.push_back(TensorShape(output_shape_vector));
+
+  const auto input_height = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2];
+  const auto input_width = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3];
+  const auto input_channels = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 3 : 1];
+  const auto kernel_height = kernel_shape[2];
+  const auto kernel_width = kernel_shape[3];
+  const auto output_height = output_shape_vector[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2];
+  const auto output_width = output_shape_vector[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3];
+
   uint32_t auto_pad_adjust = conv_attrs_.auto_pad == AutoPadType::SAME_LOWER ? 1 : 0;
   auto pad0 = conv_attrs_.auto_pad == AutoPadType::NOTSET ? pads[0] : (pads[0] + pads[2] + auto_pad_adjust) / 2;
   auto pad1 = conv_attrs_.auto_pad == AutoPadType::NOTSET ? pads[1] : (pads[1] + pads[3] + auto_pad_adjust) / 2;
   std::vector<uint32_t> updated_pads{pad0, pad1};
+
+  if (CanApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(context,
+                                  is_channels_last,
+                                  activation_.activation_kind_,
+                                  kernel_shape,
+                                  conv_attrs_.auto_pad,
+                                  onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(conv_attrs_.group))) {
+    return ApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(context,
+                                    is_channels_last,
+                                    dilations,
+                                    pads,
+                                    strides,
+                                    output);
+  }
+
   if (conv_attrs_.group > 1) {
     Tensor transposed_kernel;
     if (is_channels_last) {
@@ -128,13 +153,6 @@ Status Conv<is_channels_last, is_fused>::ComputeInternal(ComputeContext& context
     }
     return context.RunProgram(program);
   }
-  const auto input_height = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2];
-  const auto input_width = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3];
-  const auto input_channels = input_shape[is_channels_last ? 3 : 1];
-  const auto kernel_height = kernel_shape[2];
-  const auto kernel_width = kernel_shape[3];
-  const auto output_height = output_shape_vector[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2];
-  const auto output_width = output_shape_vector[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3];
 
   const auto same_size = is_channels_last && input_height == kernel_height && input_width == kernel_width && pads[0] == 0 && pads[1] == 0;
   if (same_size || (kernel_height == 1 && kernel_width == 1 && pads[0] == 0 && pads[1] == 0 && strides[0] == 1 && strides[1] == 1)) {

diff --git a/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.cc b/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_utils.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/activation_util.h"
+
+namespace onnxruntime {
+namespace webgpu {
+
+namespace {
+
+// TODO: move to common header.
+template <typename T>
+inline T ceil_div(T numerator, T denominator) {
+  return (numerator + denominator - 1) / denominator;
+}
+
+// Chooses the optimal tile size (M, N) for the im2col operation.
+// This tile size is performance-tuned and varies depending on the target device.
+std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> ChooseTileSize(uint32_t im2col_m, uint32_t im2col_n) {
+  // Define a list of preferred (tile_m, tile_n) pairs in descending order of preference.
+  const std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>> kTileSizes = {
+      std::make_pair(32, 64),
+      std::make_pair(16, 64),
+  };
+
+  for (const auto& tile_pair : kTileSizes) {
+    const uint32_t tile_m = tile_pair.first;
+    const uint32_t tile_n = tile_pair.second;
+
+    const uint32_t dispatch_m = ceil_div(im2col_m, tile_m);
+    const uint32_t dispatch_n = ceil_div(im2col_n, tile_n);
+    const uint32_t dispatch = dispatch_m * dispatch_n;
+
+    if (dispatch >= 128) {
+      return tile_pair;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If none of the tile sizes meet the dispatch >=128 requirement,
+  return kTileSizes.back();
+}
+
+// Add support for more devices.
+bool IsDeviceSupported(ComputeContext& context) {
+  const wgpu::AdapterInfo& adapter_info = context.AdapterInfo();
+
+  if (adapter_info.vendor == std::string_view("intel")) {
+    if (adapter_info.architecture == std::string_view("xe-2lpg")) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+Status OIHW2OHWIProgram::GenerateShaderCode(ShaderHelper& shader) const {
+  const auto& src = shader.AddInput("src", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+  const auto& output = shader.AddOutput("output", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+
+  return WGSL_TEMPLATE_APPLY(shader, "nn/oihw_to_ohwi.wgsl.template",
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_VARIABLE(output, output),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_VARIABLE(src, src));
+}
+
+Status Im2ColMatMulProgram::GenerateShaderCode(ShaderHelper& shader) const {
+  const auto& src = shader.AddInput("src", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+  const auto& weight = shader.AddInput("weight", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+  if (has_bias_) {
+    shader.AddInput("bias", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+  }
+  const auto& output = shader.AddOutput("output", ShaderUsage::UseValueTypeAlias | ShaderUsage::UseElementTypeAlias);
+
+  ORT_ENFORCE(tile_m_ == 16 || tile_m_ == 32, "tile_m must be 16 or 32.");
+  ORT_ENFORCE(tile_n_ == 64, "tile_n must be 64.");
+
+  return WGSL_TEMPLATE_APPLY(shader, "nn/im2col_matmul.wgsl.template",
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER(has_bias, has_bias_),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER(tile_m, tile_m_),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER(tile_n, tile_n_),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER(use_subgroup, use_subgroup_),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_VARIABLE(output, output),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_VARIABLE(src, src),
+                             WGSL_TEMPLATE_VARIABLE(weight, weight));
+}
+
+Status ApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(ComputeContext& context,
+                                bool is_channels_last,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& dilations,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& pads,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& strides,
+                                Tensor* output) {
+  const auto* src = context.Input<Tensor>(0);
+  const auto* weight = context.Input<Tensor>(1);
+  const bool has_bias = context.InputCount() > 2;
+  const auto* bias = has_bias ? context.Input<Tensor>(2) : nullptr;
+
+  // Transpose OIHW Weight to OHWI
+  // TODO: Move to `Transpose`
+  // TODO: Use prepack
+  TensorShape weight_shape = weight->Shape();
+  const uint32_t channel_output = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[0]);
+  const uint32_t channel_input = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[1]);
+  const uint32_t kernel_height = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[2]);
+  const uint32_t kernel_width = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[3]);
+
+  TensorShape ohwi_weight_shape{channel_output, kernel_height, kernel_width, channel_input};
+  Tensor ohwi_weight = context.CreateGPUTensor(weight->DataType(), ohwi_weight_shape);
+  OIHW2OHWIProgram transpose_program{};
+  transpose_program.SetWorkgroupSize(64);
+
+  const uint32_t Ci_tiles = ceil_div(channel_input, 64u);
+  transpose_program.SetDispatchGroupSize(channel_output, Ci_tiles);
+
+  transpose_program.AddInput({weight,
+                              ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank});
+  transpose_program.AddOutput({&ohwi_weight,
+                               ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank});
+  transpose_program.AddUniformVariables({{channel_output},
+                                         {channel_input},
+                                         {kernel_height},
+                                         {kernel_width},
+                                         {Ci_tiles},
+                                         {ceil_div(kernel_height * kernel_height, 4u)}});
+  ORT_RETURN_IF_ERROR(context.RunProgram(transpose_program));
+
+  // im2col-matmul
+  const TensorShape src_shape = src->Shape();
+  const TensorShape output_shape = output->Shape();
+
+  const uint32_t batch = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(src_shape[0]);
+  const uint32_t src_height = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(src_shape[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2]);
+  const uint32_t src_width = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(src_shape[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3]);
+  const uint32_t output_height = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(output_shape[is_channels_last ? 1 : 2]);
+  const uint32_t output_width = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(output_shape[is_channels_last ? 2 : 3]);
+
+  const uint32_t im2col_m = output_height * output_width;
+  const uint32_t im2col_k = kernel_height * kernel_width * channel_input;
+  const uint32_t im2col_n = channel_output;
+
+  const auto [tile_m, tile_n] = ChooseTileSize(im2col_m, im2col_n);
+  const uint32_t workgroup_size = tile_n;
+
+  // Check the device's subgroup size before shader compilation to avoid potential performance penalties
+  // associated with conditional checks in the shader runtime.
+  //
+  // Ensure the subgroup size must be greater than or equal to `tile_m` to safely enable `use_subgroup`.
+  // If the status of this condition is uncertain, the feature must be disabled.
+  const bool use_subgroup = false;
+  Im2ColMatMulProgram im2col_mm_program{has_bias, tile_m, tile_n, use_subgroup};
+  im2col_mm_program.SetWorkgroupSize(workgroup_size);
+
+  const uint32_t M_tiles = ceil_div(im2col_m, tile_m);
+  const uint32_t N_tiles = ceil_div(im2col_n, tile_n);
+  im2col_mm_program.SetDispatchGroupSize(M_tiles, N_tiles, batch);
+
+  im2col_mm_program.AddInput({src,
+                              ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank,
+                              4});
+  im2col_mm_program.AddInput({&ohwi_weight,
+                              ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank,
+                              4});
+  if (has_bias) {
+    im2col_mm_program.AddInput({bias,
+                                ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank});
+  }
+  im2col_mm_program.AddOutput({output,
+                               ProgramTensorMetadataDependency::TypeAndRank});
+  im2col_mm_program.AddUniformVariables({{batch},
+                                         {src_height},
+                                         {src_width},
+                                         {channel_input},
+                                         {kernel_height},
+                                         {kernel_width},
+                                         {output_height},
+                                         {output_width},
+                                         {im2col_m},
+                                         {im2col_k},
+                                         {im2col_n},
+                                         {M_tiles},
+                                         {N_tiles},
+                                         {ceil_div(ceil_div(im2col_k, 4u), 4u)},
+                                         {dilations},
+                                         {pads},
+                                         {strides}});
+  im2col_mm_program.CacheHint(has_bias, tile_m, tile_n, use_subgroup);
+
+  return context.RunProgram(im2col_mm_program);
+}
+
+bool CanApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(ComputeContext& context,
+                                 const bool is_channels_last,
+                                 const ActivationKind activation_kind,
+                                 const TensorShape weight_shape,
+                                 const AutoPadType auto_pad,
+                                 const uint32_t group) {
+  if (!IsDeviceSupported(context)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Support !is_channels_last
+  // TODO: Support fuse
+  // TODO: Support auto pad
+  // TODO: Support group conv
+  if (!is_channels_last || activation_kind != ActivationKind::None || auto_pad != AutoPadType::NOTSET || group != 1) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Support conv1d
+  // TODO: Support conv2d_1x1
+  const uint32_t kernel_height = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[2]);
+  const uint32_t kernel_width = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[3]);
+  if (kernel_height == 1 || kernel_width == 1) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Support channel input vec1
+  const uint32_t channel_input = onnxruntime::narrow<uint32_t>(weight_shape[1]);
+  if (channel_input % 4 != 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace webgpu
+}  // namespace onnxruntime
diff --git a/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.h b/onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/nn/im2col_matmul.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core/framework/tensor_shape.h"
+#include "core/framework/tensor.h"
+#include "core/framework/op_kernel.h"
+#include "core/providers/cpu/nn/conv_attributes.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/program.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_supported_types.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/shader_helper.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_kernel.h"
+#include "core/providers/webgpu/nn/fuse_utils.h"
+
+namespace onnxruntime {
+namespace webgpu {
+
+// Transpose OIHW Weight to OHWI
+class OIHW2OHWIProgram final : public Program<OIHW2OHWIProgram> {
+ public:
+  OIHW2OHWIProgram() : Program("OIHW2OHWI") {}
+
+  Status GenerateShaderCode(ShaderHelper& shader) const override;
+
+  WEBGPU_PROGRAM_DEFINE_UNIFORM_VARIABLES(
+      {"O", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"I", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"H", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"W", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"Ci_tiles", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"H_W_tiles", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32});
+};
+
+class Im2ColMatMulProgram final : public Program<Im2ColMatMulProgram> {
+ public:
+  Im2ColMatMulProgram(bool has_bias,
+                      uint32_t tile_m,
+                      uint32_t tile_n,
+                      bool use_subgroup) : Program("Im2ColMatMul"),
+                                           has_bias_(has_bias),
+                                           tile_m_(tile_m),
+                                           tile_n_(tile_n),
+                                           use_subgroup_(use_subgroup) {}
+
+  Status GenerateShaderCode(ShaderHelper& shader) const override;
+
+  WEBGPU_PROGRAM_DEFINE_UNIFORM_VARIABLES(
+      {"batch", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"src_h", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"src_w", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"channel_i", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"kernel_h", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"kernel_w", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"output_h", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"output_w", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"im2col_m", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"im2col_k", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"im2col_n", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"M_tiles", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"N_tiles", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"K_tiles", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"dilations", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"pads", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32},
+      {"strides", ProgramUniformVariableDataType::Uint32});
+
+ private:
+  bool has_bias_;
+
+  uint32_t tile_m_;
+  uint32_t tile_n_;
+  bool use_subgroup_;
+};
+
+bool CanApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(ComputeContext& context,
+                                 const bool is_channels_last,
+                                 const ActivationKind activation_kind,
+                                 const TensorShape kernel_shape,
+                                 const AutoPadType auto_pad,
+                                 const uint32_t group);
+
+Status ApplyIm2ColMatMulProgram(ComputeContext& context,
+                                const bool is_channels_last,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& dilations,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& pads,
+                                const std::vector<uint32_t>& strides,
+                                Tensor* output);
+
+}  // namespace webgpu
+}  // namespace onnxruntime