Synchronize patch files, fix resource compiler invocations in some situations

[zwassall-gentuity]

Description

Deduplicates/synchronizes patch files in "cmake/patches" and "cmake/vcpkg-ports".

Motivation and Context

Addresses #23426 (comment) with Deduplicate/synchronize protobuf patch files:

This introduces some extra changes to the non-vcpkg configuration that were in cmake/vcpkg-ports/protobuf/protobuf_cmake.patch but not cmake/patches/protobuf/protobuf_cmake.patch. I believe that the changes are all welcome; in particular, the new changes to CMakeLists.txt in the patch file (from protocolbuffers/protobuf#10293) fix resource compiler invocations in some situations, as was the case for me using clang-cl on Windows.

The other deduplication/synchronization changes don't address immediate issues, but will ideally make future maintenance of these patch files less vulnerable to the possible mistake of updating one location but forgetting to consider the other.

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[zwassall-gentuity]

This is the first of the 3 patch files for eigen3, all of which were unreferenced. I removed the files with the assumption that they are unnecessary, but if this is not correct, please let me know.

[zwassall-gentuity]

I'm unsure how to test that a reference like this works as intended. Is there some CI step that will execute this and verify its validity?