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19 changes: 9 additions & 10 deletions docs/learn/introduction/faq.md → docs/learn/faq.md
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---
sidebar_position: 5
license: CC-BY-NC-4.0
author: Interslavic Community
description: Get answers to frequently asked questions about Interslavic, including its purpose, learning, and usage.
Expand All @@ -13,8 +12,8 @@ Interslavic is a constructed auxiliary language designed to be mutually intellig

:::note Example

* **Medžuslovjansky** jest jezyk razumlivy priblizno vsim slovjansko-jezyčnym ljudam bez učenja.
* **Меджусловјанскы** јест језык разумливы приблизно всим словјанско-језычным људам без ученја.
* :notr[**Medžuslovjansky** jest jezyk razumlivy priblizno vsim slovjansko-jezyčnym ljudam bez učenja.]
* :notr[**Меджусловјанскы** јест језык разумливы приблизно всим словјанско-језычным људам без ученја.]

:::

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ The goal of Interslavic is to be immediately accessible and understandable witho

### What are those weird diacritics and letters some people use in Interslavic? \{#what-are-those-weird-diacritics}

The Interslavic Latin alphabet has only four letters with diacritics: Č :ipa[t͡ʃ], Š :ipa[ʂ], Ž :ipa[ʒ], Ě :ipa[]. However, some people use additional diacritics and letters to memorize Slavic etymology, so occasionally, you might encounter weird words like :isv[ćuđi], :isv[otėc], :isv[dȯžď], :isv[gręź], :isv[bųde], :isv[hlåd], :isv[сѫглӑсък], :isv[тѣх], :isv[гѫбоѭ], :isv[показуѥт].
The Interslavic Latin alphabet has only four letters with diacritics: `Č` :ipa[t͡ʃ], `Š` :ipa[ʂ], `Ž` :ipa[ʒ], `Ě` :ipa[]. However, some people use additional diacritics and letters to memorize Slavic etymology, so occasionally, you might encounter weird words like :sla[ćuđi], :sla[otėc], :sla[dȯžď], :sla[gręź], :sla[bųde], :sla[hlåd], :sla[сѫглӑсък], :sla[тѣх], :sla[гѫбоѭ], :sla[показуѥт].

While etymological scripts may help improve pronunciation in advanced stages, they often degrade written text comprehension and are considered non-standard. Therefore, if you are just starting to learn Interslavic, it is recommended to stick to the standard Latin or Cyrillic alphabet and focus on mastering the basics.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -143,9 +142,9 @@ Interslavic is not a form of Pan-Slavism and does not endorse any political stan
[8]: http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/maly_princ.html
[9]: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLN7FF06VmIkkpWsnaRKitfJMx0Ngr8h-g
[10]: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL--S_Qi-XfGTs4Hpnukm4VyiymJJ5VZqF
[11]: ./language-comparison.md
[12]: ../grammar/index.md
[13]: ../simple-grammar/index.md
[14]: ../orthography.md#representation-of-problematic-characters
[15]: ../../resources/keyboards.md
[16]: ../../resources/index.md
[11]: ./introduction/language-comparison.md
[12]: ./grammar/index.md
[13]: ./simple-grammar/index.md
[14]: ./orthography.md#representation-of-problematic-characters
[15]: ./../resources/keyboards.md
[16]: ./../resources/index.md
20 changes: 10 additions & 10 deletions docs/learn/grammar/adjectives.md
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Expand Up @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ tags: [interslavic, adjectives, inflection, degrees of comparison, language lear

Adjectives match with the noun they modify in gender, case and number. Declension is always regular. However, three things are to be remembered:

- Adjectives are heavily affected by the [o/e][1] and [y/i][2] rules, which means that a distinction is made between hard stems and soft stems: if the stem ends in `š`, `ž`, `č` or `j`, then every `-o-` becomes `-e-` and every `-y-` becomes `-i-`.
- Adjectives are heavily affected by the [:isv[`o`]/:isv[`e`]][1] and [:isv[`y`]/:isv[`i`]][2] rules, which means that a distinction is made between hard stems and soft stems: if the stem ends in :isv[`š`], :isv[`ž`], :isv[`č`] or :isv[`j`], then every :isv[`-o-`] becomes :isv[`-e-`] and every :isv[`-y-`] becomes :isv[`-i-`].
- Just like in the case of nouns, the accusative of has the same form as the genitive when the corresponding noun is masculine and animate, both singular and plural.
- Except for adjectives referring to masculine, animate nouns, the nominate and accusative plural are identical for all genders.

Expand All @@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ Example of the declension of soft adjectives: :isv[svěži] „fresh”:

## Short form

A small number of adjectives exist in the so-called short form, a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic. This short form differs from regular adjectives only in the masculine nominative singular by omitting the ending `-y`/`-i`. The most common examples are the possessive adjectives `-ov` and `-in`, respecively expressing ownership by a masculine and feminine person: :isv[Petrov dom] „Peter’s house”, :isv[materin stol] „mother’s table”. All other forms are regular: :isv[Petrova kniga] „Peter’s book”, :isv[na materinom stolu] „on mother’s table”.
A small number of adjectives exist in the so-called short form, a relic of the indefinite declension of adjectives in Common Slavic. This short form differs from regular adjectives only in the masculine nominative singular by omitting the ending :isv[`-y`]/:isv[`-i`]. The most common examples are the possessive adjectives :isv[`-ov`] and :isv[`-in`], respecively expressing ownership by a masculine and feminine person: :isv[Petrov dom] „Peter’s house”, :isv[materin stol] „mother’s table”. All other forms are regular: :isv[Petrova kniga] „Peter’s book”, :isv[na materinom stolu] „on mother’s table”.

These possessive adjectives are only used when the possessor is a single word. In other cases, the genitive is used: :isv[bratova kniga] „brother’s book”, but: :isv[kniga mojego brata] „my brother’s book”; :isv[Puškinova poezija] „Pushkin’s poetry”, but: :isv[poezija Aleksandra Puškina] „Aleksandr Pushkin’s poetry”.

The short form may also be used when the adjective forms the predicate of the sentence: :isv[Petr jest ščestliv] „Peter is happy”, :isv[dom jest velik] „the house is big”, etc. This is not mandatory though, and in most cases, people will simply write: :isv[Petr jest ščestlivy] and :isv[dom jest veliky].

## Adverbs

Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by using the ending `-o` (`-e` after a soft consonant). In other words, they are identical to the neuter singular: :isv[dobro] „well”, :isv[svěže] „freshly”.
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by using the ending :isv[`-o`] (:isv[`-e`] after a soft consonant). In other words, they are identical to the neuter singular: :isv[dobro] „well”, :isv[svěže] „freshly”.

## Degrees of comparison

Expand All @@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ This way of forming a comparative is easiest to use. Simply have the ground form

### Synthetic comparative

The basic comparative ending for adjectives `-ějši` (`-ejši` after a soft consonant), replacing the ending `-y`/`-i`: :isv[bogaty]:isv[bogatějši], :isv[slaby]:isv[slabějši], :isv[blagy]:isv[blažejši], :isv[svěži]:isv[svěžejši].
The basic comparative ending for adjectives :isv[`-ějši`] (:isv[`-ejši`] after a soft consonant), replacing the ending :isv[`-y`]/:isv[`-i`]: :isv[bogaty]:isv[bogatějši], :isv[slaby]:isv[slabějši], :isv[blagy]:isv[blažejši], :isv[svěži]:isv[svěžejši].

These endings can simply be made into adverbs by replacing the element `-ši` by `-e` (giving the ending `-ěje`/`-eje` instead of the adverbial ending `-o`/`-e`): :isv[novo]:isv[nověje], :isv[čisto]:isv[čistěje], :isv[tiho]:isv[tišeje], :isv[svěže]:isv[svěžeje].
These endings can simply be made into adverbs by replacing the element :isv[`-ši`] by :isv[`-e`] (giving the ending :isv[`-ěje`]/:isv[`-eje`] instead of the adverbial ending :isv[`-o`]/:isv[`-e`]): :isv[novo]:isv[nověje], :isv[čisto]:isv[čistěje], :isv[tiho]:isv[tišeje], :isv[svěže]:isv[svěžeje].

An exception are adjectives on `-ky`, `-eky`, `-oky`, which have `-ši` instead: :isv[kratky]:isv[kratši], :isv[tenky]:isv[tenši], :isv[daleky]:isv[dalši], :isv[vysoky]:isv[vysši].
An exception are adjectives on :isv[`-ky`], :isv[`-eky`], :isv[`-oky`], which have :isv[`-ši`] instead: :isv[kratky]:isv[kratši], :isv[tenky]:isv[tenši], :isv[daleky]:isv[dalši], :isv[vysoky]:isv[vysši].

The comparatives of these adjectives can be adverbialised by adding the ending `-je` to the root, causing [iotation][3] of the preceding consonant(s): :isv[daleko]:isv[dalje], :isv[široko]:isv[širje], :isv[vysoky]:isv[vyše], :isv[blizko]:isv[bliže], :isv[rědko]:isv[rědže].
The comparatives of these adjectives can be adverbialised by adding the ending :isv[`-je`] to the root, causing [iotation][3] of the preceding consonant(s): :isv[daleko]:isv[dalje], :isv[široko]:isv[širje], :isv[vysoky]:isv[vyše], :isv[blizko]:isv[bliže], :isv[rědko]:isv[rědže].

### Irregular comparatives

Expand All @@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ It is not impossible to use regular forms of these adjectives (like :isv[dobrěj

### Superlative

The superlative is formed by adding the prefix `naj-` to the comparative: :isv[najnovějši] (:abbr[adj.]), :isv[najnověje] (:abbr[adv.]). This works for the analytic comparative, too: :isv[najvyše sintetičny] or :isv[najbolje sintetičny].
The superlative is formed by adding the prefix :isv[`naj-`] to the comparative: :isv[najnovějši] (:abbr[adj.]), :isv[najnověje] (:abbr[adv.]). This works for the analytic comparative, too: :isv[najvyše sintetičny] or :isv[najbolje sintetičny].

As a means of simplification, this ending can also be added to the positive instead (which is how superlatives are made in Bulgarian and Macedonian): :isv[najnovy] (:abbr[adj.]), :isv[najnovo] (:abbr[adv.]).

### Additional forms

The adverbs :isv[menje] and :isv[najmenje] can be used to express the opposite meaning of :isv[vyše]/:isv[bolje] and :isv[najvyše]/:isv[najbolje], meaning „less” and „least” respectively.

The prefix `prě-` attached to the positive can be used as a kind of superlative as well, expressing an extreme or excessive degree („very”, „too”).
The prefix :isv[`prě-`] attached to the positive can be used as a kind of superlative as well, expressing an extreme or excessive degree („very”, „too”).

The prefix `ne-` creates a negative: :isv[neprijetny] „not pleasant, unpleasant”.
The prefix :isv[`ne-`] creates a negative: :isv[neprijetny] „not pleasant, unpleasant”.

### Example

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Expand Up @@ -20,72 +20,69 @@ Prepositions should only be used according to their logical meaning, not accordi

## With the genitive

:isv[bez] – without
:isv[blizko] – near, close to
:isv[dlja] – for
:isv[do] – to, towards, till
:isv[iz] – from, out of
:isv[iz-medžu] – from between
:isv[iz-nad] – from above
:isv[iz-pod] – from under
:isv[iz-prěd] – from before
:isv[iz-srěd] – from among
:isv[iz-za] – from behind
:isv[kolo] – next to, around
:isv[kromě] – except
:isv[mimo] – past, by
:isv[naprotiv] – opposite
:isv[od] – of, from (away from); since; by (agent)
:isv[odnosno] – concering, about
:isv[okolo] – around; about, approximately

:isv[podčas] – during, so long as
:isv[podle] – near, beside
:isv[pomimo] – in spite of
:isv[poprěk] – across
:isv[pored] – next to
:isv[poslě] – after
:isv[posrěd] – amidst, in the middle of, among
:isv[posrědstvom] – by means of, using
:isv[povrh] – to the upper side of, atop
:isv[srěd] – among, amid
:isv[suprotiv] – contrary to
:isv[u] – at, at the place of
:isv[vdolž] – along
:isv[vměsto] – instead of
:isv[vně] – outside of
:isv[vnutri] – inside, within
:isv[vslěd] – following, because of, as a result of
:isv[za] – during, in times of
* :isv[bez] – without
* :isv[blizko] – near, close to
* :isv[dlja] – for
* :isv[do] – to, towards, till
* :isv[iz] – from, out of
* :isv[iz-medžu] – from between
* :isv[iz-nad] – from above
* :isv[iz-pod] – from under
* :isv[iz-prěd] – from before
* :isv[iz-srěd] – from among
* :isv[iz-za] – from behind
* :isv[kolo] – next to, around
* :isv[kromě] – except
* :isv[mimo] – past, by
* :isv[naprotiv] – opposite
* :isv[od] – of, from (away from); since; by (agent)
* :isv[odnosno] – concering, about
* :isv[okolo] – around; about, approximately

* :isv[podčas] – during, so long as
* :isv[podle] – near, beside
* :isv[pomimo] – in spite of
* :isv[poprěk] – across
* :isv[pored] – next to
* :isv[poslě] – after
* :isv[posrěd] – amidst, in the middle of, among
* :isv[posrědstvom] – by means of, using
* :isv[povrh] – to the upper side of, atop
* :isv[srěd] – among, amid
* :isv[suprotiv] – contrary to
* :isv[u] – at, at the place of
* :isv[vdolž] – along
* :isv[vměsto] – instead of
* :isv[vně] – outside of
* :isv[vnutri] – inside, within
* :isv[vslěd] – following, because of, as a result of
* :isv[za] – during, in times of

## With the dative

:isv[blagodare, dekujuči, hvala] – thanks to
:isv[k] – to, towards (direction)
:isv[po] – according to, per, by, in the manner of; for ... each, for ... a piece
* :isv[blagodare, dekujuči, hvala] – thanks to
* :isv[k] – to, towards (direction)
* :isv[po] – according to, per, by, in the manner of; for ... each, for ... a * piece

:isv[protiv] – against
* :isv[protiv] – against
:isv[soglasno, suglasno] – according to

## With the accusative

:isv[črěz, prěz] – through, across, via
:isv[po] – for (in pursuit of, to get something); for (the Xth time); up to

:isv[za] – for, because of, due to, in exchange for, in favour of, instead of
* :isv[črěz, prěz] – through, across, via
* :isv[po] – for (in pursuit of, to get something); for (the Xth time); up to
* :isv[za] – for, because of, due to, in exchange for, in favour of, instead of

## With the instrumental

:isv[ponad] – above, beyond

:isv[s, so] – with, together with; by means of, using
* :isv[ponad] – above, beyond
* :isv[s, so] – with, together with; by means of, using

## With the locative

:isv[o, ob] – about; concerning, regarding
:isv[po] – after, following; along(side); throughout, round, all over

:isv[pri] – near; during (rule of a king)
* :isv[o, ob] – about; concerning, regarding
* :isv[po] – after, following; along(side); throughout, round, all over
* :isv[pri] – near; during (rule of a king)

## With the accusative and the instrumental

Expand All @@ -94,51 +91,50 @@ The instrumental is used when the location is stable (:isv[Kot spi pod stolom]

The preposition :isv[za] can also be used with the genitive and (in other meanings) the accusative, but because otherwise it belongs to the same category as the rest, it has been listed there separately.

:isv[medžu] – between (place & time)
:isv[nad] – above, over, beyond
:isv[pod] – under
* :isv[medžu] – between (place & time)
* :isv[nad] – above, over, beyond
* :isv[pod] – under

:isv[prěd] – before, in front of, ahead of (place & time), prior to, ago
:isv[za] – behind (place), after (time)
* :isv[prěd] – before, in front of, ahead of (place & time), prior to, ago
* :isv[za] – behind (place), after (time)

## With the accusative and the locative

The prepositions :isv[v] and :isv[na] behave exactly like the previous category, except that for a stable location the locative is used instead of the instrumental.

:isv[na] (+ :abbr[loc.]) – on, at; (+ :abbr[acc.]) – on(to), unto

:isv[v, vo] (+ :abbr[loc.]) – in, within; (+ :abbr[acc.]) – into
* :isv[na] (+ :abbr[loc.]) – on, at; (+ :abbr[acc.]) – on(to), unto
* :isv[v, vo] (+ :abbr[loc.]) – in, within; (+ :abbr[acc.]) – into

## Prepositional constructions

The following combinations are no real prepositions, but are used as such and are often translated as prepositions. The list is of course far from being exhaustive.

:isv[bez obzira na] (:abbr[acc.]) – regardless
:isv[čto se tyče] (:abbr[gen.]) – regarding, with regard to
:isv[na prěkor] (:abbr[gen.]) – in defiance of
:isv[ne gledajuči na] (:abbr[acc.]) – disregarding, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding
:isv[od strany] (:abbr[gen.]) – by, on the part of
:isv[po odnošenju k] (:abbr[dat.]) – regarding, with regard to
:isv[pod vodstvom] (:abbr[gen.]) – under the leadership of
:isv[s izključenjem] (:abbr[gen.]) – except, with the exception of
:isv[s obzirom na] (:abbr[acc.]) – with regard to
:isv[s pomočju] (:abbr[gen.]) – with the help of
:isv[sgodno s] (:abbr[instr.]) – conform
:isv[susedno do] (:abbr[gen.]) – next to, neighbouring to

:isv[v času] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
:isv[v imenu] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the name of
:isv[v obličju] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the face of
:isv[v odrazlikě od] (:abbr[gen.]) – unlike, in contrast to
:isv[v odnošenju k] (:abbr[dat.]) – regarding, with regard to
:isv[v ramah, v ramkah] (:abbr[gen.]) – within the framework of, as a part of
:isv[v protivnosti k] (:abbr[dat.]) – unlike, in opposition to
:isv[v smyslu] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the sense of
:isv[v različju od] (:abbr[gen.]) – unlike
:isv[v svezi s] (:abbr[instr.]) – in connection with
:isv[v těčenju] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
:isv[v vrěmenu] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
:isv[v zaměn za] (:abbr[acc.]) – instead of, in exchange for
* :isv[bez obzira na] (:abbr[acc.]) – regardless
* :isv[čto se tyče] (:abbr[gen.]) – regarding, with regard to
* :isv[na prěkor] (:abbr[gen.]) – in defiance of
* :isv[ne gledajuči na] (:abbr[acc.]) – disregarding, despite, in spite of, * notwithstanding
* :isv[od strany] (:abbr[gen.]) – by, on the part of
* :isv[po odnošenju k] (:abbr[dat.]) – regarding, with regard to
* :isv[pod vodstvom] (:abbr[gen.]) – under the leadership of
* :isv[s izključenjem] (:abbr[gen.]) – except, with the exception of
* :isv[s obzirom na] (:abbr[acc.]) – with regard to
* :isv[s pomočju] (:abbr[gen.]) – with the help of
* :isv[sgodno s] (:abbr[instr.]) – conform
* :isv[susedno do] (:abbr[gen.]) – next to, neighbouring to

* :isv[v času] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
* :isv[v imenu] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the name of
* :isv[v obličju] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the face of
* :isv[v odrazlikě od] (:abbr[gen.]) – unlike, in contrast to
* :isv[v odnošenju k] (:abbr[dat.]) – regarding, with regard to
* :isv[v ramah, v ramkah] (:abbr[gen.]) – within the framework of, as a part of
* :isv[v protivnosti k] (:abbr[dat.]) – unlike, in opposition to
* :isv[v smyslu] (:abbr[gen.]) – in the sense of
* :isv[v različju od] (:abbr[gen.]) – unlike
* :isv[v svezi s] (:abbr[instr.]) – in connection with
* :isv[v těčenju] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
* :isv[v vrěmenu] (:abbr[gen.]) – during
* :isv[v zaměn za] (:abbr[acc.]) – instead of, in exchange for

Many prepositions can also be used as prefixes. See [word formation][1] for details.

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