Add Task.WhenEach to process tasks as they complete (dotnet#100316)

* Add Task.WhenEach to process tasks as they complete

* Address PR feedback

* Fix some async void tests to be async Task across libs

* Remove extra awaiter field from state machine

Also clean up an extra level of indentation.

src/libraries/Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection/tests/DI.Tests/ServiceProviderValidationTests.cs

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public void GetService_Throws_WhenGetServiceForScopedServiceIsCalledOnRoot()
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public async void GetService_Throws_WhenGetServiceForScopedServiceIsCalledOnRoot_IL_Replacement()
+        public async Task GetService_Throws_WhenGetServiceForScopedServiceIsCalledOnRoot_IL_Replacement()
         {
             // Arrange
             var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();

src/libraries/Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting/tests/UnitTests/OptionsBuilderExtensionsTests.cs

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ private async Task ValidateOnStart_AddEagerValidation_DoesValidationWhenHostStar
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        private async void CanValidateOptionsEagerly_AddOptionsWithValidateOnStart_IValidateOptions()
+        private async Task CanValidateOptionsEagerly_AddOptionsWithValidateOnStart_IValidateOptions()
         {
             var hostBuilder = CreateHostBuilder(services =>
                 services.AddOptionsWithValidateOnStart<ComplexOptions, ComplexOptionsValidator>()

src/libraries/Microsoft.Extensions.Http/tests/Microsoft.Extensions.Http.Tests/Logging/HttpClientLoggerTest.cs

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ private void AssertCounters(TestCountingLogger testLogger, int requestCount, boo
         [InlineData(false, true)]
         [InlineData(true, false)]
         [InlineData(true, true)]
-        public async void CustomLogger_LogsCorrectEvents_Sync(bool requestSuccessful, bool asyncSecondCall)
+        public async Task CustomLogger_LogsCorrectEvents_Sync(bool requestSuccessful, bool asyncSecondCall)
         {
             var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
             serviceCollection.AddTransient(_ =>

src/libraries/System.ComponentModel.TypeConverter/tests/TypeDescriptorTests.cs

@@ -1395,7 +1395,7 @@ public static IEnumerable<object[]> GetConverter_ByMultithread_ReturnsExpected_T
 
         [Theory]
         [MemberData(nameof(GetConverter_ByMultithread_ReturnsExpected_TestData))]
-        public async void GetConverter_ByMultithread_ReturnsExpected(Type typeForGetConverter, Type expectedConverterType)
+        public async Task GetConverter_ByMultithread_ReturnsExpected(Type typeForGetConverter, Type expectedConverterType)
         {
             TypeConverter[] actualConverters = await Task.WhenAll(
                 Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ =>
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ public static IEnumerable<object[]> GetConverterWithAddProvider_ByMultithread_Su
 
         [ConditionalTheory(typeof(PlatformDetection), nameof(PlatformDetection.IsReflectionEmitSupported))]  // Mock will try to JIT
         [MemberData(nameof(GetConverterWithAddProvider_ByMultithread_Success_TestData))]
-        public async void GetConverterWithAddProvider_ByMultithread_Success(Type typeForGetConverter, Type expectedConverterType)
+        public async Task GetConverterWithAddProvider_ByMultithread_Success(Type typeForGetConverter, Type expectedConverterType)
         {
             TypeConverter[] actualConverters = await Task.WhenAll(
                 Enumerable.Range(0, 200).Select(_ =>

src/libraries/System.Net.Http.WinHttpHandler/tests/FunctionalTests/WinHttpHandlerTest.cs

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public async Task SendAsync_SlowServerAndCancel_ThrowsTaskCanceledException()
 
         [OuterLoop]
         [Fact]
-        public async void SendAsync_SlowServerRespondsAfterDefaultReceiveTimeout_ThrowsHttpRequestException()
+        public async Task SendAsync_SlowServerRespondsAfterDefaultReceiveTimeout_ThrowsHttpRequestException()
         {
             var handler = new WinHttpHandler();
             using (var client = new HttpClient(handler))

src/libraries/System.Private.CoreLib/src/System/Threading/Tasks/Task.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 using System.Runtime.ExceptionServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading.Tasks.Sources;
 
 namespace System.Threading.Tasks
 {
@@ -6659,6 +6660,191 @@ public static Task<Task<TResult>> WhenAny<TResult>(IEnumerable<Task<TResult>> ta
             WhenAny<Task<TResult>>(tasks);
         #endregion
 
+        #region WhenEach
+        /// <summary>Creates an <see cref="IAsyncEnumerable{T}"/> that will yield the supplied tasks as those tasks complete.</summary>
+        /// <param name="tasks">The task to iterate through when completed.</param>
+        /// <returns>An <see cref="IAsyncEnumerable{T}"/> for iterating through the supplied tasks.</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The supplied tasks will become available to be output via the enumerable once they've completed. The exact order
+        /// in which the tasks will become available is not defined.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="tasks"/> is null.</exception>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"><paramref name="tasks"/> contains a null.</exception>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task> WhenEach(params Task[] tasks)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(tasks);
+            return WhenEach((ReadOnlySpan<Task>)tasks);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="WhenEach(Task[])"/>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task> WhenEach(ReadOnlySpan<Task> tasks) => // TODO https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/77873: Add params
+            WhenEachState.Iterate<Task>(WhenEachState.Create(tasks));
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="WhenEach(Task[])"/>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task> WhenEach(IEnumerable<Task> tasks) =>
+            WhenEachState.Iterate<Task>(WhenEachState.Create(tasks));
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="WhenEach(Task[])"/>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(params Task<TResult>[] tasks)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(tasks);
+            return WhenEach((ReadOnlySpan<Task<TResult>>)tasks);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="WhenEach(Task[])"/>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(ReadOnlySpan<Task<TResult>> tasks) => // TODO https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/77873: Add params
+            WhenEachState.Iterate<Task<TResult>>(WhenEachState.Create(ReadOnlySpan<Task>.CastUp(tasks)));
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="WhenEach(Task[])"/>
+        public static IAsyncEnumerable<Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(IEnumerable<Task<TResult>> tasks) =>
+            WhenEachState.Iterate<Task<TResult>>(WhenEachState.Create(tasks));
+
+        /// <summary>Object used by <see cref="Iterate"/> to store its state.</summary>
+        private sealed class WhenEachState : Queue<Task>, IValueTaskSource, ITaskCompletionAction
+        {
+            /// <summary>Implementation backing the ValueTask used to wait for the next task to be available.</summary>
+            /// <remarks>This is a mutable struct. Do not make it readonly.</remarks>
+            private ManualResetValueTaskSourceCore<bool> _waitForNextCompletedTask = new() { RunContinuationsAsynchronously = true }; // _waitForNextCompletedTask.Set is called while holding a lock
+            /// <summary>0 if this has never been used in an iteration; 1 if it has.</summary>
+            /// <remarks>This is used to ensure we only ever iterate through the tasks once.</remarks>
+            private int _enumerated;
+
+            /// <summary>Called at the beginning of the iterator to assume ownership of the state.</summary>
+            /// <returns>true if the caller owns the state; false if the caller should end immediately.</returns>
+            public bool TryStart() => Interlocked.Exchange(ref _enumerated, 1) == 0;
+
+            /// <summary>Gets or sets the number of tasks that haven't yet been yielded.</summary>
+            public int Remaining { get; set; }
+
+            void ITaskCompletionAction.Invoke(Task completingTask)
+            {
+                lock (this)
+                {
+                    // Enqueue the task into the queue. If the Count is now 1, we transitioned from
+                    // empty to non-empty, which means we need to signal the MRVTSC, as the consumer
+                    // could be waiting on a ValueTask representing a completed task being available.
+                    Enqueue(completingTask);
+                    if (Count == 1)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(_waitForNextCompletedTask.GetStatus(_waitForNextCompletedTask.Version) == ValueTaskSourceStatus.Pending);
+                        _waitForNextCompletedTask.SetResult(default);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            bool ITaskCompletionAction.InvokeMayRunArbitraryCode => false;
+
+            // Delegate to _waitForNextCompletedTask for IValueTaskSource implementation.
+            void IValueTaskSource.GetResult(short token) => _waitForNextCompletedTask.GetResult(token);
+            ValueTaskSourceStatus IValueTaskSource.GetStatus(short token) => _waitForNextCompletedTask.GetStatus(token);
+            void IValueTaskSource.OnCompleted(Action<object?> continuation, object? state, short token, ValueTaskSourceOnCompletedFlags flags) =>
+                _waitForNextCompletedTask.OnCompleted(continuation, state, token, flags);
+
+            /// <summary>Creates a <see cref="WhenEachState"/> from the specified tasks.</summary>
+            public static WhenEachState? Create(ReadOnlySpan<Task> tasks)
+            {
+                WhenEachState? waiter = null;
+
+                if (tasks.Length != 0)
+                {
+                    waiter = new();
+                    foreach (Task task in tasks)
+                    {
+                        if (task is null)
+                        {
+                            ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Task_MultiTaskContinuation_NullTask, ExceptionArgument.tasks);
+                        }
+
+                        waiter.Remaining++;
+                        task.AddCompletionAction(waiter);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return waiter;
+            }
+
+            /// <inheritdoc cref="Create(ReadOnlySpan{Task})"/>
+            public static WhenEachState? Create(IEnumerable<Task> tasks)
+            {
+                ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(tasks);
+
+                WhenEachState? waiter = null;
+
+                IEnumerator<Task> e = tasks.GetEnumerator();
+                if (e.MoveNext())
+                {
+                    waiter = new();
+                    do
+                    {
+                        Task task = e.Current;
+                        if (task is null)
+                        {
+                            ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentException(ExceptionResource.Task_MultiTaskContinuation_NullTask, ExceptionArgument.tasks);
+                        }
+
+                        waiter.Remaining++;
+                        task.AddCompletionAction(waiter);
+                    }
+                    while (e.MoveNext());
+                }
+
+                return waiter;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>Iterates through the tasks represented by the provided waiter.</summary>
+            public static async IAsyncEnumerable<T> Iterate<T>(WhenEachState? waiter, [EnumeratorCancellation] CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) where T : Task
+            {
+                // The enumerable could have GetAsyncEnumerator called on it multiple times. As we're dealing with Tasks that
+                // only ever transition from non-completed to completed, re-enumeration doesn't have much benefit, so we take
+                // advantage of the optimizations possible by not supporting that and simply have the semantics that, no matter
+                // how many times the enumerable is enumerated, every task is yielded only once. The original GetAsyncEnumerator
+                // call will give back all the tasks, and all subsequent iterations will be empty.
+                if (waiter?.TryStart() is not true)
+                {
+                    yield break;
+                }
+
+                // Loop until we've yielded all tasks.
+                while (waiter.Remaining > 0)
+                {
+                    // Either get the next completed task from the queue, or get a
+                    // ValueTask with which to wait for the next task to complete.
+                    Task? next;
+                    ValueTask waitTask = default;
+                    lock (waiter)
+                    {
+                        // Reset the MRVTSC if it was signaled, then try to dequeue a task and
+                        // either return one we got or return a ValueTask that will be signaled
+                        // when the next completed task is available.
+                        waiter._waitForNextCompletedTask.Reset();
+                        if (!waiter.TryDequeue(out next))
+                        {
+                            waitTask = new(waiter, waiter._waitForNextCompletedTask.Version);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // If we got a completed Task, yield it.
+                    if (next is not null)
+                    {
+                        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                        waiter.Remaining--;
+                        yield return (T)next;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // If we have a cancellation token and the ValueTask isn't already completed,
+                    // get a Task from the ValueTask so we can use WaitAsync to make the wait cancelable.
+                    // Otherwise, just await the ValueTask directly. We don't need to be concerned
+                    // about suppressing exceptions, as the ValueTask is only ever completed successfully.
+                    if (cancellationToken.CanBeCanceled && !waitTask.IsCompleted)
+                    {
+                        waitTask = new ValueTask(waitTask.AsTask().WaitAsync(cancellationToken));
+                    }
+                    await waitTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
         internal static Task<TResult> CreateUnwrapPromise<TResult>(Task outerTask, bool lookForOce)
         {
             Debug.Assert(outerTask != null);

src/libraries/System.Runtime/ref/System.Runtime.cs

@@ -15335,6 +15335,12 @@ public static void WaitAll(System.Threading.Tasks.Task[] tasks, System.Threading
         public static System.Threading.Tasks.Task<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenAny<TResult>(System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> tasks) { throw null; }
         public static System.Threading.Tasks.Task<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenAny<TResult>(System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult> task1, System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult> task2) { throw null; }
         public static System.Threading.Tasks.Task<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenAny<TResult>(params System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>[] tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> WhenEach(System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> WhenEach(params System.Threading.Tasks.Task[] tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> WhenEach(System.ReadOnlySpan<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(params System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>[] tasks) { throw null; }
+        public static System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> WhenEach<TResult>(System.ReadOnlySpan<System.Threading.Tasks.Task<TResult>> tasks) { throw null; }
         public static System.Runtime.CompilerServices.YieldAwaitable Yield() { throw null; }
     }
     public static partial class TaskAsyncEnumerableExtensions