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HTML Basics

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Table of Contents


# 1. Introduction


Q. What is the difference between HTML and XHTML?

The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, has two important notes for front end developers.

  1. It needs to be well formed, meaning all elements need to be closed and nested correctly or you will return errors.
  2. Since it is more strict than HTML is requires less pre-processing by the browser, which may improve your sites performance.

Q. What are the building blocks of HTML5?

  • Semantics: allowing you to describe more precisely what your content is.
  • Connectivity: allowing you to communicate with the server in new and innovative ways.
  • Offline and storage: allowing webpages to store data on the client-side locally and operate offline more efficiently.
  • Multimedia: making video and audio first-class citizens in the Open Web.
  • 2D/3D graphics and effects: allowing a much more diverse range of presentation options.
  • Performance and integration: providing greater speed optimization and better usage of computer hardware.
  • Device access: allowing for the usage of various input and output devices.
  • Styling: letting authors write more sophisticated themes.

Q. What are the semantic tags available in HTML5?

HTML5 semantic tags define the function and the category of your text, simplifying the work for browsers and search engines, as well as developers.

HTML5 offers new semantic elements to define different parts of a web page:

  • <article>
  • <aside>
  • <details>
  • <figcaption>
  • <figure>
  • <footer>
  • <header>
  • <main>
  • <mark>
  • <nav>
  • <section>
  • <summary>
  • <time>

Syntax:

<!DOCTYPE html> 

<html>  
   <head> 
      <meta charset = "utf-8"/> 
      <title>...</title> 
   </head> 
  
   <body> 
      <header>...</header> 
      <nav>...</nav> 
      
      <article> 
         <section> 
            ... 
         </section> 
      </article> 
      <aside>...</aside> 
      
      <footer>...</footer> 
   </body> 
</html>

Q. Why you would like to use semantic tag?

  • Search Engine Optimization, accessibility, repurposing, light code.
  • Many visually impaired person rely on browser speech and semantic tag helps to interpret page content clearly.
  • Search engine needs to understand page content to rank and semantic tag helps.
  • Semantic code aids accessibility. Specially, many people whose eyes are not good rely on speech browsers to read pages to them. These programs cannot interpret pages very well unless they are clearly explained.
  • Help Search engines to better understand pages. Search engine need to understand what your content is about when rank you properly on search engines. Semantic code tends to improve your placement on search engines, as it is easier for the "search engine spiders" to understand.
  • It's easier to read and edit, which saves time and money during maintenance.

Q. What does a <DOCTYPE html> do?

A DOCTYPE is always associated to a DTD ( Document Type Definition ). A DTD defines how documents of a certain type should be structured (i.e. a button can contain a span but not a div), whereas a DOCTYPE declares what DTD a document supposedly respects (i.e. this document respects the HTML DTD). For webpages, the DOCTYPE declaration is required. It is used to tell user agents what version of the HTML specifications your document respects.

Once a user agent has recognized a correct DOCTYPE, it will trigger the no-quirks mode matching this DOCTYPE forreading the document. If a user agent doesn't recognize a correct DOCTYPE, it will trigger the quirks mode.

Q. What happens when DOCTYPE is not given?

The web page is rendered in quirks mode. The web browsers engines use quirks mode to support older browsers which does not follow the W3C specifications. In quirks mode CSS class and id names are case insensitive. In standards mode they are case sensitive.

Q. What are the new form elements in HTML5?

There are five new form elements in the HTML5 forms specification: <datalist>, <output>, <progress>, and <meter>.

1. Datalist Tag

Allows to attach a list of suggestions to a text input element. As soon as the user begins to type in the text field, the list of suggestions appears and the user can choose from the suggestions with the mouse.

<p>Enter your favorite browser name:</p>
<input type="text" list="browsers" name="favorite_browser">
<datalist id="browsers">
    <option value="Firefox">
    <option value="Chrome">    
    <option value="Internet Explorer">
    <option value="Opera">
    <option value="Safari">
</datalist>

2. Meter Tag

Indicates a numeric value that falls within a range. The tag supports a number of attributes: value: If you don't specify a value, the first numeric value inside the <meter></meter> pair becomes the value.

  • max: The maximum possible value of the item.
  • min: The minimum possible value of the item.
  • high: If the value can be defined as a range, this is the high end of the range.
  • low: If the value can defined as a range, this is the low end of that range.
  • optimum: The optimal value of the element.
<p>Disk Usage: <meter value="0.2">20%</meter></p>

<p>Total Score: <meter value="6" min="0" max="10">6 out of 10</meter></p>

<p>Pollution Level: <meter low="60" high="80" max="100" value="85">Very High</meter></p>

3. Output Tag

It indicates a section of the page that can be modified by a script (usually JavaScript).

<form oninput="result.value=parseInt(a.value)+parseInt(b.value)">
  <input type="range" id="a" value="50"> +
  <input type="number" id="b" value="100"> =
  <output name="result" for="a b"></output>
</form>

4. Progress Tag

Indicates how much of a task has been completed (often marked as a percentage). It is expected to be modified through JavaScript code.

 
<p>Progress: <progress id="bar" value="0" max="100"><span>0</span>%</progress></p>

<script type="text/javascript">
    var i = 0;
    var progressBar = document.getElementById("bar");
    
    function countNumbers() {
      if(i < 100) {
        i = i + 1;
        progressBar.value = i;
        // For browsers that don't support progress tag
        progressBar.getElementsByTagName("span")[0].textContent = i;
      }

      // Wait for sometime before running this script again
      setTimeout("countNumbers()", 100);
    }
    countNumbers();
</script>

Q. How many new form elements are introduced in html5?

Sl.No Element Description
01. color Gives the end user a native color picker to choose a color.
02. date Offers a datepicker.
03. datetime An element to choose both date and time.
04. datetime-local An element to choose both date and time, with local settings support.
05. email A field for entering e-mail address(es).
06. month Choose a full month.
07. number Picking a number.
08. range Offers a slider to set to a certain value/position.
09. search A field for search queries.
10. tel Choosing a telephone number.
11. time Input a certain time.
12. url Entering a URL.
13. week Picking a specific week.

Example:

<input type="color" value="#b97a57">

<input type="date" value="2020-06-08">

<input type="datetime" value="2020-06-09T20:35:34.32">

<input type="datetime-local" value="2020-06-09T22:41">

<input type="email" value="[email protected]">

<input type="month" value="2020-06">

<input type="number" value="4">

<input type="range" value="15">

<!-- Note: If not set, default attribute values are min="0", max="100", step="1". -->

<input type="search" value="[Any search text]">

<input type="tel" value="[Any numeric value]">

<!-- Note: Most web browsers seem to let through any value at this time. -->

<input type="time" value="22:38">

<input type="url" value="https://www.google.com/">

<!-- Note: requires a protocol like http://, ftp:// etc in the beginning. -->


<input type="week" value="2020-W24">

Q. Create a HTML form with below constraints?

  • Accept User Name, Email, Country and Subject
  • Validate the fields
  • Store data into local Storage
  • Fetch user data and display on right side of the page
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<style>
  body {font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
  * {box-sizing: border-box;}
  
  input[type=text], input[type=email], select, textarea {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 12px;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
    border-radius: 4px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 6px;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
    resize: vertical;
  }
  
  input[type=submit] {
    background-color: #0e8af7;
    color: white;
    padding: 12px 20px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 4px;
    cursor: pointer;
  }
  
  input[type=submit]:hover {
    background-color: #1181e3;
  }
  
  .container {
    border-radius: 5px;
    background-color: #f2f2f2;
    padding: 20px;
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h3>Contact Form</h3>

<div class="container">
  <form name="contactForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">
    <label for="fname">Name</label>
    <input type="text" id="user_name" name="user_name" placeholder="Your name.." required>

    <label for="lname">Email ID</label>
    <input type="email" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Your Email Address.." required>

    <label for="country">Country</label>
    <select id="country" name="country" required>
      <option value="">--- SELECT ---</option>
      <option value="australia">Australia</option>
      <option value="canada">Canada</option>
      <option value="india">India</option>
      <option value="usa">USA</option>
    </select>

    <label for="subject">Subject</label>
    <textarea id="subject" name="subject" placeholder="Write something.." style="height:200px"></textarea>

    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
  </form>
</div>
<script>
    function validateForm() {
      let name = document.forms["contactForm"]["user_name"].value;
      let email = document.forms["contactForm"]["email"].value;
      let country = document.forms["contactForm"]["country"].value;
      let subject = document.forms["contactForm"]["subject"].value;

      if (name === "" || email === "" || country === "") {
        alert("All the fields are mandatory");
        return false;
      } else { 
        // Create a JSON Object
        const userData = {
          name: name,
          email: email,
          country: country,
          subject: subject
        };

        // Store the object into storage
        localStorage.setItem("userData", JSON.stringify(userData));

        // Retrieve the object from the storage
        const data = localStorage.getItem("userData");
        console.log("data: ", JSON.parse(data));
        
        return false;
      }
    }
</script>
</body>
</html>

Q. What is difference between span tag and div tag?

The primary difference between div and span tag is their default behavior. By default, a <div> is a block-level-element and a <span> is an inline element.

  • <div> is a block level element which means it will render it on it's own line with a width of a 100% of the parent element.
  • <span> is an inline element which means it will render on the same line as the previous element, if it is also an inline element, and it's width will be determined by it's content.
<div>Demo Text, with <span>some other</span> text.</div>

Q. What are optional closing tag?

<p>, <li>, <td>, <tr>, <th>, <html>, <body>, etc. don't have to provide end tag. Whenever browser hits a new tag it automatically ends the previous tag.

Q. What is a self closing tag?

In HTML5 it is not strictly necessary to close certain HTML tags. The tags that aren't required to have specific closing tags are called “self closing” tags.

An example of a self closing tag is something like a line break (<br />) or the meta tag (<meta>). This means that the following are both acceptable:

<meta charset="UTF-8">
...
<meta charset="UTF-8" />

Q. Explain the difference between block elements and inline elements?

  • block elements <h1>, <p>, <ul>, <ol>, <li>,
  • inline elements <span>, <a>, <strong>, <i>, <img>

Q. What are semantic and non-semantic elements?

  • Semantic elements: clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer. For example: <form>, <table>, <article>, <aside>, <details>, <figcaption>, <figure>, <footer>, <header>, <main>, <mark>, <nav>, <section>, <summary>, <time> clearly defines its content.

  • Non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> tells nothing about its content.

Q. What is the purpose of main element?

The HTML <main> element represents the dominant content of the <body> of a document. The main content area consists of content that is directly related to or expands upon the central topic of a document, or the central functionality of an application.

<main role="main">
    <p>Geckos are a group of usually small, usually nocturnal lizards. 
       They are found on every continent except Australia.</p>
    <p>Many species of gecko have adhesive toe pads which enable them to climb walls and even windows.</p>
</main>

Note: A document mustn't have more than one <main> element that doesn't have the hidden attribute specified.

Q. What are the semantic meanings for <section>, <article>, <aside>, <nav>, <header>, <footer> and how should each be used in structuring html markup?

  • <header> is used to contain introductory and navigational information about a section of the page. This can include the section heading, the author's name, time and date of publication, table of contents, or other navigational information.

  • <article> is meant to house a self-contained composition that can logically be independently recreated outside of the page without losing it's meaining. Individual blog posts or news stories are good examples.

  • <section> is a flexible container for holding content that shares a common informational theme or purpose.

  • <footer> is used to hold information that should appear at the end of a section of content and contain additional information about the section. Author's name, copyright information, and related links are typical examples of such content.

Q. When should you use section, div or article?

  • <section>, group of content inside is related to a single theme, and should appear as an entry in an outline of the page. It's a chunk of related content, like a subsection of a long article, a major part of the page (eg the news section on the homepage), or a page in a webapp's tabbed interface. A section normally has a heading (title) and maybe a footer too.

  • <article>, represents a complete, or self-contained, composition in a document, page, application, or site and that is, in principle, independently distributable or reusable, e.g. in syndication. This could be a forum post, a magazine or newspaper article, a blog entry, a user-submitted comment, an interactive widget or gadget, or any other independent item of content.

  • <div>, on the other hand, does not convey any meaning, aside from any found in its class, lang and title attributes.

Q. Can a web page contain multiple <header> elements? What about <footer> elements?

Yes, header elements can be used multiple times in documents. A <header> tag must be present for all articles, sections, and pages, although a <footer> tag is not necessary.

From W3C standards

A header element is intended to usually contain the section's heading (an h1–h6 element or an hgroup 
element), but this is not required. The header element can also be used to wrap a section's table of 
contents, a search form, or any relevant logos.
The footer element represents a footer for its nearest ancestor sectioning content or sectioning root 
element. A footer typically contains information about its section such as who wrote it, links to related 
documents, copyright data, and the like.

Q. What are the physical tags and logical tags in HTML?

1. Physical Tags:

Physical tags are used to indicate how a particular character is to be formatted. Any physical style tag may contain any item allowed in text, including conventional text, images, line breaks, etc.

Example:

Tags Description
<sup> Superscript is usually used for showing elements above base-line
<sub> The subscript is used for alternate baseline.
<i> An Italic tag is used to define a text with a special meaning.
<big> Big tag increase the font size by 1 (Note: You can not use the big tag in HTML 5)
<small> A small tag defines the small text, and it is used while writing copyright.
<b> Bold increases the importance of the text because bold tag covert the text into bold size.
<u> It is used to underline the text.
<tt> Teletype text gives the default font-family which is monospace.
<strike> It is an editing markup that tells the reader to ignore the text passage.

2. Logical Tags:

Logical tags are used to tell the browser what kind of text is written inside the tags. Logical tags are also known as Structural tags because they specify the structure of the document. Logical tags are used to indicate to the visually impaired person that there is something more important in the text or to emphasize the text ie, logical tags can be used for styling purposes as well as to give special importance to text content.

Example:

Tags Description
<abbr> Defines the abbreviation of text.
<acronym> Defines the acronym.
<address> Contact information of a person or an organization.
<cite> Defines citation. It displays the text in italic format.
<code> Defines the piece of computer code.
<blockquote> Defines a long quotation.
<del> Defines the deleted text and is used to mark a portion of text which has been deleted from the document.
<dfn> Defines the definition element and is used to representing a defining instance in HTML.
<ins> Defines inserted text.
<kbd> Defines keyboard input text.
<pre> Defines the block of preformatted text which preserves the text spaces, line breaks, tabs, and other formatting characters which are ignored by web browsers.
<q> Defines the short quotation.
<samp> Defines the sample output text from a computer program.
<strong> Defines strong text i.e. show the importance of the text.
<var> Defines the variable in a mathematical equation or in the computer program.

Q. What is Character Encoding?

Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display an HTML document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding. This is specified in the tag:

<meta charset="utf-8"/>
  • UTF-8: A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it comes in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long, making UTF8 variable width.

Q. What is the purpose of meta tags?

The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
        <!--Recommended Meta Tags-->
        <meta charset="utf-8">
        <meta name="language" content="english"> 
        <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
        <meta name="author" content="Author Name">
        <meta name="designer" content="Designer Name">
        <meta name="publisher" content="Publisher Name">
        <meta name="no-email-collection" content="[email protected]">
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/>

        <!--Search Engine Optimization Meta Tags-->
        <meta name="description" content="Project Description">
        <meta name="keywords" content="Software Engineer,Product Manager,Project Manager,Data Scientist">
        <meta name="robots" content="index,follow">
        <meta name="revisit-after" content="7 days">
        <meta name="distribution" content="web">
        <meta name="robots" content="noodp">
        
        <!--Optional Meta Tags-->
        <meta name="distribution" content="web">
        <meta name="web_author" content="">
        <meta name="rating" content="">
        <meta name="subject" content="Personal">
        <meta name="title" content=" - Official Website.">
        <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright 2020">
        <meta name="reply-to" content="">
        <meta name="abstract" content="">
        <meta name="city" content="Bangalore">
        <meta name="country" content="INDIA">
        <meta name="distribution" content="">
        <meta name="classification" content="">
    
        <!--Meta Tags for HTML pages on Mobile-->
        <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=yes"/>
        <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> 
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> 
        <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
        
        <!--http-equiv Tags-->
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript">
      
    <title>HTML5 Meta Tags</title>
  </head>
  <body>
       ...
  </body>
</html>

Q. What does async and defer refer in script tag?

1. Async:

Downloads the script file during HTML parsing and will pause the HTML parser to execute it when it has finished downloading.

Example:

<!-- 
    With async (asynchronous), browser will continue to load the HTML 
    page and render it while the browser load and execute the script at the same time. 
-->
<!-- Google Analytics is usually added like this -->
<script async src="https://google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script>

2. Defer:

Defer downloads the script file during HTML parsing and will only execute it after the HTML parser has completed. Not all browsers support this.

Example:

<!-- 
    With defer, browser will run your script when the page finished parsing. 
    (not necessary finishing downloading all image files. This is good.) 
-->
<script defer src="myscript.js"></script>

The async attribute is used to indicate to the browser that the script file can be executed asynchronously. The HTML parser does not need to pause at the point it reaches the script tag to fetch and execute, the execution can happen whenever the script becomes ready after being fetched in parallel with the document parsing.

The defer attribute tells the browser to only execute the script file once the HTML document has been fully parsed.

Example:

<!-- 
    Without async or defer, browser will run your script immediately, 
    before rendering the elements. 
-->
<script src="myscript.js"></script>

Q. What is local storage in html5?

The localStorage read-only property of the window interface allows you to access a Storage object for the Document's origin; the stored data is saved across browser sessions.

Example:

// Store
localStorage.setItem("name", "Kanti Ahluwalia");

// Retrieve
localStorage.getItem("name"); // Kanti Ahluwalia

Q. What is session storage in html5?

The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one session. The data is deleted when the user closes the specific browser tab.

Example:

// Save data to sessionStorage
sessionStorage.setItem('key', 'value');

// Get saved data from sessionStorage
let data = sessionStorage.getItem('key');

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.removeItem('key');

// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
sessionStorage.clear();

Q. What is cookies in html5?

A cookie is an amount of information that persists between a server-side and a client-side. A web browser stores this information at the time of browsing.

A cookie contains the information as a string generally in the form of a name-value pair separated by semi-colons. It maintains the state of a user and remembers the user's information among all the web pages.

Example 01: Create a Cookies

// create a cookie
document.cookie = "username=Anjali Batta";

// cookie with expiry date
document.cookie = "username=Anjali Batta; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2022 12:00:00 UTC";

Example 02: Cookie with expiry date

// cookie with expiry date
document.cookie = "username=Anjali Batta; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2022 12:00:00 UTC";

Example 03: Read Cookie

let myCookies = document.cookie;

console.log(myCookies);

Example 04: Update Cookie

document.cookie = "username=John Smith; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2022 12:00:00 UTC; path=/";

Example 05: Delete Cookie

document.cookie = "username=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";

Q. Describe the difference between a cookie, sessionStorage and localStorage?

cookie localStorage sessionStorage
Initiator Client or server. Server can use Set-Cookie header Client Client
Expiry Manually set Forever On tab close
Persistent across browser sessions Depends on whether expiration is set Yes No
Capacity (per domain) 4kb 5MB 5MB
Accessibility Any window Any window Same tab

Note: If the user decides to clear browsing data via whatever mechanism provided by the browser, this will clear out any cookie, localStorage, or sessionStorage stored. It's important to keep this in mind when designing for local persistance, especially when comparing to alternatives such as server side storing in a database or similar (which of course will persist despite user actions).

Q. Does localStorage throw error after reaches maximum limits?

Yes

Example:

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
   <head>
         <title>HTML5 localStorage</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <script type="text/javascript">
        try{
            if(window.localStorage){ // Check if the localStorage object exists
            
                var result = "";
                var characters  = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
                var charactersLength = characters.length;
                for(var i = 0; i < 10000; i++){
                    result += characters.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * charactersLength));
                    localStorage.setItem("key"+i, result);
                }  
            } else {
                alert("Sorry, your browser do not support localStorage.");
            }
        } catch(e) {
            console.log('Exception: '+e);
        }
      </script>
   </body>
</html>

Output

Exception: QuotaExceededError: Failed to execute 'setItem' on 'Storage': 
           Setting the value of 'key3230' exceeded the quota.

Q. Why to use IndexedDB instead of WebSQL in HTML5?

1. WebSQL

It is an API that is only supported in Chrome and Safari (and Android and iOS by extension). It provides an asynchronous, transactional interface to SQLite. Since 2010, it has been deprecated in favor of IndexedDB.

Advantages

  • Supported on major mobile browsers (Android Browser, Mobile Safari, Opera Mobile) as well as several desktop browsers (Chrome, Safari, Opera).
  • Good performance generally, being an asynchronous API. Database interaction won't lock up the user interface. (Synchronous API is also available for WebWorkers.)
  • Good search performance, since data can be indexed according to search keys.
  • Robust, since it supports a transactional database model.
  • Easier to maintain integrity of data, due to rigid data structure.

Disadvantages

  • Deprecated. Will not be supported on IE or Firefox, and will probably be phased out from the other browsers at some stage.
  • Steep learning curve, requiring knowledge of relational databases and SQL.
  • Suffers from object-relational impedance mismatch.
  • Diminishes agility, as database schema must be defined upfront, with all records in a table matching the same structure.

2. IndexedDB

It is the successor to both LocalStorage and WebSQL, designed to replace them as the “one true” browser database. It exposes an asynchronous API that supposedly avoids blocking the DOM, but as we'll see below, it doesn't necessarily live up to the hype. Browser support is extremely spotty, with only Chrome and Firefox having fully usable implementations.

Advantages

  • Good performance generally, being an asynchronous API. Database interaction won't lock up the user interface. (Synchronous API is also available for WebWorkers.)
  • Good search performance, since data can be indexed according to search keys.
  • Supports versioning.
  • Robust, since it supports a transactional database model.
  • Fairly easy learning curve, due to a simple data model.
  • Decent browser support: Chrome, Firefox, mobile FF, IE10.

Disadvantages

  • Very complex API resulting in large amounts of nested callbacks.

Q. Explain Application Cache in HTML5. OR What is a manifest file in HTML?

HTML5 provides an application caching mechanism that lets web-based applications run offline. Developers can use the Application Cache (AppCache) interface to specify resources that the browser should cache and make available to offline users. Applications that are cached load and work correctly even if users click the refresh button when they are offline.

Using an application cache gives an application the following benefits:

  • Offline browsing: users can navigate a site even when they are offline.
  • Speed: cached resources are local, and therefore load faster.
  • Reduced server load: the browser only downloads resources that have changed from the server.

Syntax:

<html manifest="example.appcache">
  ...
</html>

Note: Using the application caching feature described here is at this point highly discouraged; it's in the process of being removed from the Web platform. Use Service Workers instead. In fact as of Firefox 44, when AppCache is used to provide offline support for a page a warning message is now displayed in the console advising developers to use Service workers instead (bug 1204581).

Q. What is the purpose of cache busting and how can you achieve it?

Browsers have a cache to temporarily store files on websites so they don't need to be re-downloaded again when switching between pages or reloading the same page. The server is set up to send headers that tell the browser to store the file for a given amount of time. This greatly increases website speed and preserves bandwidth.

However, it can cause problems when the website has been changed by developers because the user's cache still references old files. This can either leave them with old functionality or break a website if the cached CSS and JavaScript files are referencing elements that no longer exist, have moved or have been renamed.

Cache busting is the process of forcing the browser to download the new files. This is done by naming the file something different to the old file.

A common technique to force the browser to re-download the file is to append a query string to the end of the file.

<!-- src="js/script.js" => src="js/script.js?v=2" -->
<script src="js/script.js?v=2"></script>

The browser considers it a different file but prevents the need to change the file name.

Q. What ARIA and screenreaders are, and how to make a website accessible?

Screen readers are software programs that provide assistive technologies that allow people with disabilities (such as no sight, sound or mouse-ing ability) to use web applications. You can make your sites more accessible by following ARIA standards such as semantic HTML, alt attributes and using [role=button] in the expected ways

Q. How to use data- attribute in html5?

Any attribute on any element whose attribute name starts with data- is a data attribute. The data-* attributes gives us the ability to embed custom data attributes on all HTML elements. The stored (custom) data can then be used in the page's JavaScript to create a more engaging user experience.

Example:

<article
  id="electric-cars"
  data-columns="10"
  data-index-number="100"
  data-parent="cars"
>
  <h1>Electric Cars</h1>
</article>
/**
 * Access data attribute
 */
const article = document.getElementById("electric-cars");

article.dataset.columns; // "10"
article.dataset.indexNumber; // "100"
article.dataset.parent; // "cars"

⚝ Try this example on CodeSandbox

Q. What is the purpose of the alt attribute on images?

The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user cannot view it. The alt attribute should be used to describe any images except those which only serve a decorative purposes, in which case it should be left empty.

<img src="pancakes.png" alt="Stack of blueberry pancakes with powdered sugar">

Q. What does enctype='multipart/form-data' mean?

The enctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the server.

Example: 01

<form action="fileupload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> 
    <p>Please select the file you would like to upload.</p> 
    <input type="file" name="upload"> 
    <br> 
    <input type="submit" value="Upload File">
</form>

Example: 02

<form action="/urlencoded?token=A87412B" method="POST" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
    <input type="text" name="username" value=""/>
    <input type="text" name="password" value=""/>
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

Example: 03

<form action="action.do" method="get" enctype="text/plain">
    Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
    Phone: <input type="number" name="phone" />
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
Sl.No Value Description
01. application/x-www-form-urlencoded Default. All characters are encoded before sent (spaces are converted to "+" symbols, and special characters are converted to ASCII HEX values)
02. multipart/form-data No characters are encoded. This value is required when you are using forms that have a file upload control
03. text/plain Spaces are converted to "+" symbols, but no special characters are encoded

Q. What is difference between Select and Datalist?

For the select element, the user is required to select one of the options you've given. For the datalist element, it is suggested that the user select one of the options you've given, but he can actually enter anything he wants in the input.

1. Select:

<select name="browser">
  <option value="firefox">Firefox</option>
  <option value="ie">IE</option>
  <option value="chrome">Chrome</option>
  <option value="opera">Opera</option>
  <option value="safari">Safari</option>
</select>

2. Datalist:

<input type="text" list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
  <option value="Firefox">
  <option value="IE">
  <option value="Chrome">
  <option value="Opera">
  <option value="Safari">
</datalist>

Q. Explain some of the pros and cons for CSS animations versus JavaScript animations?

Regarding optimization and responsiveness the debate bounces back and forth but, the concept is:

  • CSS animations allows the browser to choose where the animation processing is done, CPU or the GPU. (Central or Graphics Processing Unit)

  • That said, adding many layers to a document will eventually have a performance hit.

  • JS animation means more code for the user to download and for the developer to maintain.

  • Applying multiple animation types on an element is harder with CSS since all transforming power is in one property transform

  • CSS animations being declarative are not programmable therefore limited in capability.

Q. What does CORS stand for and what issue does it address?

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a W3C spec that allows cross-domain communication from the browser. By building on top of the XMLHttpRequest object, CORS allows developers to work with the same idioms as same-domain requests. CORS gives web servers cross-domain access controls, which enable secure cross-domain data transfers.

Q. Can you describe the difference between progressive enhancement and graceful degradation?

  • Graceful degradation is when you initially serve the best possible user experience, with all modern functionality, but use feature detection to “gracefully degrade” parts of your application with a fallback or polyfill.

  • Progressive enhancement ensures a page works at the lowest expected abilities of browsers. So if you have a JavaScript web application that enhances a persons ability to send information to a database with features like ajax – at the very least you need to provide the ability for a person to send that same information without JavaScript enabled. In this case a simple form with full-page refresh will do what you need.

Q. What is the DOM? How does the DOM work?

The DOM (Document Object Model) is a cross-platform API that treats HTML documents as a tree structure consisting of nodes. These nodes (such as elements and text nodes) are objects that can be programmatically manipulated and any visible changes made to them are reflected live in the document. In a browser, this API is available to JavaScript where DOM nodes can be manipulated to change their styles, contents, placement in the document, or interacted with through event listeners.

  • The DOM was designed to be independent of any particular programming language, making the structural representation of the document available from a single, consistent API.

  • document.getElementById() and document.querySelector() are common functions for selecting DOM nodes.

  • Setting the innerHTML property to a new value runs the string through the HTML parser, offering an easy way to append dynamic HTML content to a node.

Q. How does the browser rendering engine work?

In order to render content the browser has to go through a series of steps:

  • Document Object Model(DOM)
  • CSS object model(CSSOM)
  • Render Tree
  • Layout
  • Paint

Browser Rendering Engine

Q. What is the difference between standards mode and quirks mode?

In Quirks mode, layout emulates nonstandard behavior in Navigator 4 and Internet Explorer 5. This is essential in order to support websites that were built before the widespread adoption of web standards. In Standards mode, the behavior is described by the HTML and CSS specifications.

For HTML documents, browsers use a <!DOCTYPE html> in the beginning of the document to decide whether to handle it in quirks mode or standards mode.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset=UTF-8>
    <title>Hello World!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  </body>
</html>

Q. What is Critical Rendering Path?

  • Constructing the DOM Tree
  • Constructing the CSSOM Tree
  • Running JavaScript - parser blocking resource
  • Creating the Render Tree
  • Generating the Layout
  • Painting

Q. What are the Benefits of Server Side Rendering (SSR) Over Client Side Rendering (CSR)?

  • We are using server side rendering for two reasons:

    • performance benefit for our customers
    • Consistent SEO performance

  • The main difference is that for SSR your server's response to the browser is the HTML of your page that is ready to be rendered, while for CSR the browser gets a pretty empty document with links to your javascript. That means for SSR your browser will start rendering the HTML from your server without having to wait for all the JavaScript to be downloaded and executed.

  • for SSR, the user can start viewing the page while all of that is happening. For the CSR world, you need to wait for all of the above to happen and then have the virtual dom moved to the browser dom for the page to be viewable.

Q. Name 3 ways to decrease page load?

  1. LocalStorage
  2. Caching resources
  3. DNS-prefetch (sample below)
  4. Keep resources on a CDN

Q. Ways to improve website performance

  • Minimize HTTP Requests

    • Sites are mainly slow because of too many (or too large) HTTP requests. We can eliminate unnecessary request;
      • combined files: js to a file, css to a file
      • CSS sprites: CSS Sprites are the preferred method for reducing the number of image requests. Combine your background images into a single image and use the CSS background-image and background-position properties to display the desired image segment.

  • Use a Content Delivery Network CDN

    • A CDN is essentially many optimized servers around the world that deliver web content to users based on their geographic location. This means big performance improvements for site users. Because, say, if a person accessing your site in India, they will be retrieving web content from a server nearby

  • Optimize Images:

    • image sizes make a huge difference to site speed. The larger content/images, the slower the site. we could:
      • Changing the resolution: reducing the “quality” of the image (and thereby the file size)
      • Compressing the picture: increasing the efficiency of image data storage
      • Cropping the picture: when cropping, you are cutting out unneeded areas and thus making the image smaller in size

  • Put Scripts at the Bottom:

    • Javascript files can load after the rest of your page. The simplest solution is to place your external Javascript files at the bottom of your page, just before the close of your body tag. Now more of your site can load before your scripts. Another method that allows even more control is to use the defer or async attributes when placing external .js files on your site.

      • Async tags load the scripts while the rest of the page loads, but this means scripts can be loaded out of order. Basically, lighter files load first. This might be fine for some scripts, but can be disastrous for others.

      • The defer attribute loads your scripts after your content has finished loading. It also runs the scripts in order. Just make sure your scripts run so late without breaking your site.

  • Add an Expires or a Cache-Control Header

    • Web page designs are getting richer and richer, which means more scripts, stylesheets, images, and Flash in the page. A first-time visitor to your page may have to make several HTTP requests, but by using the Expires header you make those components cacheable. This avoids unnecessary HTTP requests on subsequent page views. Expires headers are most often used with images, but they should be used on all components including scripts, stylesheets, and Flash components.

  • Gzip Components

    • Compression reduces response times by reducing the size of the HTTP response. Gzipping generally reduces the response size by about 70%.

  • Put Stylesheets at the Top:

    • This is because putting stylesheets in the HEAD allows the page to render progressively.

  • Avoid CSS Expressions

  • Use GET for AJAX Requests:

    • Ajax is that it provides instantaneous feedback to the user because it requests information asynchronously from the backend web server

  • Make JavaScript and CSS External:

    • Using external files in the real world generally produces faster pages because the JavaScript and CSS files are cached by the browser. JavaScript and CSS that are inlined in HTML documents get downloaded every time the HTML document is requested. This reduces the number of HTTP requests that are needed, but increases the size of the HTML document. On the other hand, if the JavaScript and CSS are in external files cached by the browser, the size of the HTML document is reduced without increasing the number of HTTP requests.

  • Use get to ajax request:

    • POST is implemented in the browsers as a two-step process: sending the headers first, then sending data. So it's best to use GET, which only takes one TCP packet to send (unless you have a lot of cookies).

  • No 404s:

    • HTTP requests are expensive so making an HTTP request and getting a useless response (i.e. 404 Not Found) is totally unnecessary and will slow down the user experience without any benefit.

  • Reduce Cookie Size:

    • HTTP cookies are used for a variety of reasons such as authentication and personalization. Information about cookies is exchanged in the HTTP headers between web servers and browsers. It's important to keep the size of cookies as low as possible to minimize the impact on the user's response time.

  • Reduce DNS Lookups

  • Minify JavaScript and CSS

  • Avoid Redirects

  • Remove Duplicate Scripts

  • Configure Etags

  • Make Ajax Cacheable

  • Post-load Components

  • Preload Components

  • Reduce the Number of DOM Elements

  • Minimize the Number of iframes

  • Minimize DOM Access

  • Optimize CSS Sprites

  • Don't Scale Images in HTML

  • Make favicon.ico Small and Cacheable

  • Avoid Empty Image src

Q. Comparison of browsers engines like Chrome, Firefox, Internet explorer, Safari?

  • Chrome:

    • Layout rendering engine Webkit.
    • JavaScript engine V8

  • Firefox:

    • Layout rendering engine Gecko.
    • JavaScript engine Spider monkey

  • Internet explorer:

    • Layout rendering engine Trident.
    • JavaScript engine Chakra

  • Safari:

    • Layout rendering engine Webkit.
    • JavaScript engine JavascriptCore i.e Nitro

Q. What does the lang attribute in html do?

  • Helps in styling pages by using them in css :lang() pseudo class Spelling and grammar checkers Languade detection by search engines

Q. What is desktop first and mobile first design approach?

  • Desktop first : General selectors and styles designed to make the site look good on DESKTOP screens defined globally. But they affect all devices, and must be overridden by max-width media queries targeting minimum screen size

  • Mobile First : General selectors and styles designed to make the site look good on small MOBILE screens go here. But they affect all devices, and must be overridden by min-width media queries targeting maximum scrren size

    In desktop first approach the media queries will be written with respect to max-width whereas in mobile first approach media queries will be written with respect to min-width

Q. What are data- attributes good for?

  • The HTML5 data attribute lets you assign custom data to an element. When we want to store more information/data about the element when no suitable HTML5 element or attribute exists

Q. Explain the difference between layout, painting and compositing?

Browser Engine

1. JavaScript:

Typically JavaScript is used to handle work that will result in visual changes, whether it's jQuery's animate function, sorting a data set, or adding DOM elements to the page. It doesn't have to be JavaScript that triggers a visual change, though: CSS Animations, Transitions, and the Web Animations API are also commonly used.

2. Style:

This is the process of figuring out which CSS rules apply to which elements based on matching selectors, for example, .headline or .nav > .nav__item. From there, once rules are known, they are applied and the final styles for each element are calculated.

3. Layout:

Once the browser knows which rules apply to an element it can begin to calculate how much space it takes up and where it is on screen. The web's layout model means that one element can affect others, for example the width of the <body> element typically affects its children's widths and so on all the way up and down the tree, so the process can be quite involved for the browser.

4. Paint:

Painting is the process of filling in pixels. It involves drawing out text, colors, images, borders, and shadows, essentially every visual part of the elements. The drawing is typically done onto multiple surfaces, often called layers.

5. Compositing:

Since the parts of the page were drawn into potentially multiple layers they need to be drawn to the screen in the correct order so that the page renders correctly. This is especially important for elements that overlap another, since a mistake could result in one element appearing over the top of another incorrectly.

Q. Explain about HTML Layout Engines used by browsers?

Engine Status Embedded in
WebKit Active Safari browser, plus all browsers hosted on the iOS App Store
Blink Active Google Chrome and all other Chromium-based browsers like Opera and Microsoft Edge
Gecko Active Firefox browser and Thunderbird email client, plus forks like SeaMonkey and Waterfox
EdgeHTML Discontinued formerly in the Microsoft Edge browser
Trident Discontinued Internet Explorer browser and Microsoft Outlook email client

Q. How to make page responsive?

Responsive Web Design is about using HTML and CSS to automatically resize, hide, shrink, or enlarge, a website, to make it look good on all devices (desktops, tablets, and phones).

1. Setting the viewport:

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

2. Responsive Images:

If the CSS width property is set to 100%, the image will be responsive and scale up and down

<img src="img.png" style="width:100%;">

3. Show different Images depending on Browser Width:

The HTML <picture> element allows you to define different images for different browser window sizes.

<picture>
  <source srcset="img_small.jpg" media="(max-width: 600px)">
  <source srcset="img_large.jpg" media="(max-width: 1500px)">
  <source srcset="img.jpg">
  <img src="img_small.jpg" alt="Image">
</picture>

4. Responsive Text Size:

The text size can be set with a "vw" unit, which means the "viewport width". That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window.

<h1 style="font-size:10vw">Hello World</h1>

5. Media Queries:

Using media queries you can define completely different styles for different browser sizes.

/* Use a media query to add a breakpoint at 800px: */
@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
  .left, .main, .right {
    width: 100%; /* The width is 100%, when the viewport is 800px or smaller */
  }
}

Q. Does the following trigger http request at the time of page load?

<img src="mypic.jpg" style="visibility: hidden" alt="My photo">

<div style="display: none;">
    <img src="mypic.jpg" alt="My photo">
</div>
  • Yes

Q. List the API available in HTML5?

1. High Resolution Time API

The High Resolution Time API provides the current time in sub-millisecond resolution and such that it is not subject to system clock skew or adjustments.

It exposes only one method, that belongs to the window.performance object, called now(). It returns a DOMHighResTimeStamp representing the current time in milliseconds. The timestamp is very accurate, with precision to a thousandth of a millisecond, allowing for accurate tests of the performance of our code.

var time = performance.now();

2. User Timing API

It allows us to accurately measure and report the performance of a section of JavaScript code. It deals with two main concepts: mark and measure. The former represents an instant (timestamp), while the latter represents the time elapsed between two marks.

performance.mark("startFoo");
// A time consuming function
foo();
performance.mark("endFoo");

performance.measure("durationFoo", "startFoo", "endFoo");

3. Network Information API

This API belongs to the connection property of the window.navigator object. It exposes two read-only properties: bandwidth and metered. The former is a number representing an estimation of the current bandwidth, while the latter is a Boolean whose value is true if the user's connection is subject to limitation and bandwidth usage, and false otherwise.

Sl.No API Description
01. navigator.connection.type Network Type
02. navigator.connection.downlink Effective bandwidth estimate ( downlink )
03. navigator.connection.rtt Effective round-trip time estimate ( rtt )
04. navigator.connection.downlinkMax Upper bound on the downlink speed of the first network hop ( downlinkMax )
05. navigator.connection.effectiveType Effective connection type
06. navigator.connection.saveData True if the user has requested a reduced data usage mode from the user agent ( saveData )

4.) Vibration API

It exposes only one method, vibrate(), that belongs to the window.navigator object. This method accepts one parameter specifying the duration of the vibration in milliseconds. The parameter can be either an integer or an array of integers. In the second case, it's interpreted as alternating vibration times and pauses.

// Vibrate once for 2 seconds
navigator.vibrate(2000);

5.) Battery Status API

The Battery Status API exposes four properties (charging, chargingTime, discharingTime, and level) and four events. The properties specify if the battery is in charge, the seconds remaining until the battery is fully charged, the seconds remaining until the battery is fully discharged, and the current level of the battery. These properties belongs to the battery property of the window.navigator object.

// Retrieves the percentage of the current level of the device's battery
var percentageLevel = navigator.battery.level * 100;

6.) Page Visibility API

The Page Visibility API enables us to determine the current visibility state of the page. The Page Visibility API is especially useful for saving resources and improving performance by letting a page avoid performing unnecessary tasks when the document isn't visible.

//document.hidden retuns true if page is not visible.
console.log('Page Visibility: '+document.hidden);

7.) Fullscreen API

The Fullscreen API provides a way to request fullscreen display from the user, and exit this mode when desired. This API exposes two methods, requestFullscreen() and exitFullscreen(), allowing us to request an element to become fullscreen and to exit fullscreen.

document.addEventListener("keypress", function(e) {
    if (e.keyCode === 13) { // Enter Key
        toggleFullScreen();
    }
}, false);

function toggleFullScreen() {
    if (!document.fullscreenElement) {
        document.documentElement.requestFullscreen();
    } else {
        if (document.exitFullscreen) {
        document.exitFullscreen(); 
        }
    }
}

Q. How geolocation api works in html5?

The Geolocation API allows the user to provide their location to web applications if they so desire. For privacy reasons, the user is asked for permission to report location information.

The Geolocation API is published through the navigator.geolocation object.

if ("geolocation" in navigator) {
  /* geolocation is available */
} else {
  /* geolocation IS NOT available */
}

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>
         <title>Geolocation</title>
    </head>
   <body>
    <p><button onclick="geoFindMe()">Show my location</button></p>
    <div id="out"></div>
</body>

<script type="text/javascript">
    /**
        The Geolocation API allows the user to provide their location to web applications 
        if they so desire. For privacy reasons, the user is asked for permission to report 
        location information.
    **/
    function geoFindMe() {
        var output = document.getElementById("out");

        if (!navigator.geolocation){
            output.innerHTML = "<p>Geolocation is not supported by your browser</p>";
            return;
        }

        function success(position) {
            var latitude  = position.coords.latitude;
            var longitude = position.coords.longitude;

            output.innerHTML = '<p>Latitude is ' + latitude + '° <br>Longitude is ' + longitude + '°</p>';

            var img = new Image();
            img.src = "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=" + latitude + "," + longitude + "&zoom=13&size=300x300&sensor=false";

            output.appendChild(img);
        }

        function error() {
            output.innerHTML = "Unable to retrieve your location";
        }

        output.innerHTML = "<p>Locating…</p>";

        navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(success, error); //function to get the current position of the device
    }
</script>
</html>

Q. What is the use of WebSocket API?

The WebSocket API is an advanced technology that makes it possible to open a two-way interactive communication session between the user's browser and a server. With this API, you can send messages to a server and receive event-driven responses without having to poll the server for a reply.

Interfaces:

Sl.No API Description
01. WebSocket The primary interface for connecting to a WebSocket server and then sending and receiving data on the connection.
02. CloseEvent The event sent by the WebSocket object when the connection closes.
03. MessageEvent The event sent by the WebSocket object when a message is received from the server.

Example

 // Create WebSocket connection.
const socket = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8080/');

// Connection opened
socket.addEventListener('open', function(event) {
    socket.send('Hello Server!');
});

// Listen for messages
socket.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
    console.log('Message from server ', event.data);
});

Q. Explain about HTML Canvas?

canvas is an HTML element which can be used to draw graphics via JavaScript. This can, for instance, be used to draw graphs, combine photos, or create animations.

1. Colors, Styles, and Shadows:

Property Description
fillStyle Sets or returns the color, gradient, or pattern used to fill the drawing
strokeStyle Sets or returns the color, gradient, or pattern used for strokes
shadowColor Sets or returns the color to use for shadows
shadowBlur Sets or returns the blur level for shadows
shadowOffsetX Sets or returns the horizontal distance of the shadow from the shape
shadowOffsetY Sets or returns the vertical distance of the shadow from the shape

2. Line Styles:

Property Description
lineCap Sets or returns the style of the end caps for a line
lineJoin Sets or returns the type of corner created, when two lines meet
lineWidth Sets or returns the current line width
miterLimit Sets or returns the maximum miter length

3. Rectangles:

Method Description
rect() Creates a rectangle
fillRect() Draws a "filled" rectangle
strokeRect() Draws a rectangle (no fill)
clearRect() Clears the specified pixels within a given rectangle

4. Paths:

Method Description
fill() Fills the current drawing (path)
stroke() Actually draws the path you have defined
beginPath() Begins a path, or resets the current path
moveTo() Moves the path to the specified point in the canvas, without creating a line
closePath() Creates a path from the current point back to the starting point
lineTo() Adds a new point and creates a line to that point from the last specified point in the canvas
clip() Clips a region of any shape and size from the original canvas
arc() Creates an arc/curve (used to create circles, or parts of circles)
arcTo() Creates an arc/curve between two tangents

5. Transformations:

Method Description
scale() Scales the current drawing bigger or smaller
rotate() Rotates the current drawing
translate() Remaps the (0,0) position on the canvas
transform() Replaces the current transformation matrix for the drawing
setTransform() Resets the current transform to the identity matrix. Then runs transform()

6. Text:

Property Description
font Sets or returns the current font properties for text content
textAlign Sets or returns the current alignment for text content
textBaseline Sets or returns the current text baseline used when drawing text
fillText() Draws "filled" text on the canvas
strokeText() Draws text on the canvas (no fill)
measureText() Returns an object that contains the width of the specified text

Example 01: HTML5 Canvas for Text

<div>Text</div>
<canvas id="text" width="200" height="100" ></canvas>

<script type="text/javascript">
    // Text with style
    var canvas = document.getElementById('text');
    var context = canvas.getContext('2d');
    context.font = '20pt Calibri';
    context.fillStyle = 'blue';
    context.fillText('Hello World!', 50, 50);
</script>

Example 02: HTML5 Canvas for Straight Line

<div>Straight Line</div>
<canvas id="line" width="300" height="0" style="border: 1px solid #333;"></canvas>

<script type="text/javascript">
    // Straight Line
    var canvas = document.getElementById("line");
    var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
    context.moveTo(50, 150);
    context.lineTo(250, 50);
    context.stroke();
</script>

Example 03: HTML5 Canvas for Rectangle

<div>Rectangle with Style</div>
<canvas id="rectangle" width="300" height="200" style="border: 1px solid #999;"></canvas>

<script type="text/javascript">
    // Rectange with style
    var canvas = document.getElementById("rectangle");
    var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
    context.fillStyle = "#FF0000";
    context.fillRect(0, 0, 300, 200);
</script>

Example 04: HTML5 Canvas for Circle

<div>Circle</div>
<canvas id="circle">This browser does not support Canvas!</canvas>

<script type="text/javascript">
    // Circle
    var canvas = document.getElementById("circle");
    var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
    context.beginPath();
    context.arc(95, 50, 40, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
    context.stroke();
</script>

Q. What is difference between SVG and Canvas?

1. SVG:

The Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based image format that is used to define two-dimensional vector based graphics for the web. Unlike raster image (e.g. .jpg, .gif, .png, etc.), a vector image can be scaled up or down to any extent without losing the image quality.

There are following advantages of using SVG over other image formats like JPEG, GIF, PNG, etc.

  • SVG images can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed.
  • SVG images can be created and modified using JavaScript in real time.
  • SVG images can be printed with high quality at any resolution.
  • SVG content can be animated using the built-in animation elements.
  • SVG images can contain hyperlinks to other documents.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   <head>
      <style>
         #svgelem {
            position: relative;
            left: 50%;
            -webkit-transform: translateX(-20%);
            -ms-transform: translateX(-20%);
            transform: translateX(-20%);
         }
      </style>
      <title>HTML5 SVG</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <h2 align="center">HTML5 SVG Circle</h2>
      <svg id="svgelem" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
         <circle id="bluecircle" cx="60" cy="60" r="50" fill="blue" />
      </svg>
   </body>
</html>

2. Canvas:

Canvas is a HTML element is used to draw graphics on a web page. It is a bitmap with an “immediate mode” graphics application programming interface (API) for drawing on it. The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. In order to draw the graphics, you are supposed to use a script. Canvas has several strategies when it comes to drawing paths, boxes, circles, text & adding images.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   <head>
      <title>HTML5 Canvas Tag</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <canvas id="newCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px solid #000000;"></canvas>
      <script>
         var c = document.getElementById('newCanvas');
         var ctx = c.getContext('2d');
         ctx.fillStyle = '#7cce2b';
         ctx.fillRect(0,0,300,100);
      </script>
   </body>
</html>

Differences:

SVG Canvas
Vector based (composed of shapes) Raster based (composed of pixel)
Multiple graphical elements, which become the part of the page's DOM tree Single element similar to in behavior. Canvas diagram can be saved to PNG or JPG format
Modified through script and CSS Modified through script only
Good text rendering capabilities Poor text rendering capabilities
Give better performance with smaller number of objects or larger surface, or both Give better performance with larger number of objects or smaller surface, or both
Better scalability. Can be printed with high quality at any resolution. Pixelation does not occur Poor scalability. Not suitable for printing on higher resolution. Pixelation may occur

Q. Explain Drag and Drop in HTML5?

HTML5 drag-and-drop uses the DOM event model and drag events inherited from mouse events. A typical drag operation begins when a user selects a draggable element, drags the element to a droppable element, and then releases the dragged element.

Event Description
Drag It fires every time when the mouse is moved while the object is being dragged.
Dragstart It is a very initial stage. It fires when the user starts dragging object.
Dragenter It fires when the user moves his/her mouse cursur over the target element.
Dragover This event is fired when the mouse moves over an element.
Dragleave This event is fired when the mouse leaves an element.
Drop Drop It fires at the end of the drag operation.
Dragend It fires when user releases the mouse button to complete the drag operation.

Example

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
   <head>
   <script>
        function allowDrop(ev) {
            ev.preventDefault();
        }

        function drag(ev) {
            ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
        }

        function drop(ev) {
            ev.preventDefault();
            var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
            ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
        }
    </script>
</head>
<body>
  <div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div>
  <img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true" ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69">
</body>
</html>

Q. Explain Microdata in HTML5?

Microdata is a standardized way to provide additional semantics in web pages. Microdata lets you define your own customized elements and start embedding custom properties in your web pages. At a high level, microdata consists of a group of name-value pairs.

The groups are called items, and each name-value pair is a property. Items and properties are represented by regular elements. Search engines benefit greatly from direct access to this structured data because it allows search engines to understand the information on web pages and provide more relevant results to users.

At a high level, microdata consists of a group of name-value pairs

  • itemscope:- To create an item
  • itemprop:- To add a property to an item

Example

<div itemscope>
    <p>My name is <span itemprop="name">Elizabeth</span>.</p>
</div>

<div itemscope>
    <p>My name is <span itemprop="name">Daniel</span>.</p>
</div>

Q. What are the HTML tags which deprecated in HTML5?

1. Deprecated Tags:

The following elements are not available in HTML5 anymore and their function is better handled by CSS.

Sl.No Tags (Elements) Description
01. <acronym> Defines an acronym
02. <applet> Defines an applet
03. <basefont> Defines an base font for the page.
04. <big> Defines big text
05. <center> Defines centered text
06. <dir> Defines a directory list
07. <font> Defines text font, size, and color
08. <frame> Defines a frame
08. <frameset> Defines a set of frames
10. <isindex> Defines a single-line input field
11. <noframes> Defines a noframe section
12. <s> Defines strikethrough text
13. <strike> Defines strikethrough text
14. <tt> Defines teletype text
15. <u> Defines underlined text

2. Deprecated Attributes:

Removed Attributes From the Elements
rev link, a
charset link and a
shape a
coords a
longdesc img and iframe.
target link
nohref area
profile head
version html
name img
scheme meta
archive object
classid object
codebase object
codetype object
declare object
standby object
valuetype param
type param
axis td and t
abbr td and t
scope td
align caption, iframe, img, input, object, legend, table, hr, div, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, col, colgroup, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead and tr.
alink body
link body
vlink body
text body
background body
bgcolor table, tr, td, th and body.
border table and object.
cellpadding table
cellspacing table
char col, colgroup, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead and tr.
charoff col, colgroup, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead and tr.
clear br
compact dl, menu, ol and ul.
frame table
compact dl, menu, ol and ul.
frame table
frameborder iframe
hspace img and object.
vspace img and object.
marginheight iframe
marginwidth iframe
noshade hr
nowrap td and th
rules table
scrolling iframe
size hr
type li, ol and ul.
valign col, colgroup, tbody, td, tfoot, th, thead and tr
width hr, table, td, th, col, colgroup and pre.

Q. How you can Use Modernizr in HTML5?

Modernizr is a JavaScript library that detects which HTML5 and CSS3 features visitor's browser supports. In detecting feature support, it allows developers to test for some of the new technologies and then provide fallbacks for browsers that do not support them. This is called feature detection and is much more efficient than browser sniffing.

1. Using Modernizr with CSS:

By default, Modernizr sets classes for all of your tests on the root element (<html> for websites). This means adding the class for each feature when it is supported, and adding it with a no- prefix when it is not (e.g. .feature or .no-feature).

.no-cssgradients .header {
  background: url("images/glossybutton.png");
}

.cssgradients .header {
  background-image: linear-gradient(cornflowerblue, rebeccapurple);
}

2. Using Modernizr with JavaScript:

Modernizr keeps track of the results of all of it's feature detections via the Modernizr object.

if (Modernizr.canvas) {
    alert("This browser supports HTML5 canvas!");
} else {
    alert("no canvas :(");
}

Q. What is progressive rendering?

Progressive Rendering is the technique of sequentially rendering portions of a webpage in the server and streaming it to the client in parts without waiting for the whole page to rendered.

It implies that once the important material is produced on the server, you may stream it to the client without having to wait for non-critical stuff to be displayed. It combines the advantages of both CSR (Client Side Rendering) and SSR (Server Side Rendering) (Server Side Rendering).

1. Client Side Rendering:

Client Side Rendering (CSR) is a technique in which content is rendered in the browser using JavaScript. Instead of getting all the content from the HTML file itself, the server sends HTML with an empty body and script tags that contain links to JavaScript bundles that the browser will use to render the content.

Typical page load behaviour in CSR —

  • Browser requests the server for HTML
  • Server sends HTML with script tags in head and no content in body
  • Browser parses the HTML and makes http requests to load the scripts
  • Once the scripts are loaded, the browser parses them and makes API requests and loads all the content asynchronously

Since the all the content starts loading only after loading the initial JavaScript, it takes a longer time to show any content on the page. If the user is on a slow network, the content is blocked for an even longer time due to lower bandwidth and higher latency.

2. Server Side Rendering:

When rendering on the server side, the HTML is rendered on the server and sent to the client. The content that we need to display on the screen becomes available immediately after the HTML is parsed; hence, primary rendering of content is faster than CSR.

Typical page load behaviour in SSR —

  • Browser requests the server for HTML.
  • Server makes API requests (usually co-located) and renders the content in the server.
  • Once the page is ready, the server sends it to the browser.
  • The browser loads and parses the HTML and paints the content on the screen without waiting for the JavaScript bundle(s) to load.
  • Once the JavaScript bundle(s) are loaded, the browser hydrates interactivity to DOM elements, which is usually attaching event handlers and other interactive behaviours.

Since the APIs are usually co-located with the server, the content is loaded super fast (faster than CSR) and the HTML is sent to the browser. Initial JavaScript load doesn't block content load as the HTML sent by the server already has the content.

Progressive Rendering

Q. What is an iframe and how it works?

The <iframe> HTML element represents a nested browsing context, embedding another HTML page into the current one. Each embedded browsing context has its own session history and document. The browsing context that embeds the others is called the parent browsing context. The topmost browsing context — the one with no parent — is usually the browser window, represented by the Window object.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>HTML5 iframe</title>
  </head>
  <style type="text/css">
  iframe {
    border: 1px solid #333;
    width: 50%;
  }
  .output {
    background: #eee;
  }
  </style>
  <body>
    <p>The Inline iFrame Example</p>
    <iframe id="inlineFrameId"
      title="Inline iFrame Example"
      width="300"
      height="200"
      src="https://www.openstreetmap.org/export/embed.html?bbox=-0.004017949104309083%2C51.47612752641776%2C0.00030577182769775396%2C51.478569861898606&layer=mapnik">
        Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
    </iframe>
  </body>
</html>

The Iframe Tag Attributes:

Attribute Description
allow indicates what features the iframe is allowed to use (e.g. fullscreen, camera, autoplay)
allowfullscreen grants or denies permission for the iframe to appear in full-screen mode
height sets the height of the iframe (if not specified, the default height is 150 pixels)
loading sets lazy loading or eager loading for the iframe
referrerpolicy sets what referrer information should be sent in the request for the iframe
src the address of the resource included in the iframe
width sets the width of the iframe (if not specified, the default width is 300 pixels)

Note: Because each browsing context is a complete document environment, every <iframe> in a page requires increased memory and other computing resources.

Q. Explain the use of rel="nofollow", rel="noreferrer", rel="noopener" attribute?

1. rel="nofollow"

When rel="nofollow" tag is used, it instruct the search engines not to pass any PageRank from one page to the other. It does not allow it to pass the authority to the specific website. The main advantage of using this attribute is to control the spam attack.

There may be times, when you do not have control over what people publish on your websites, for example some blog comments and some kind of forum posting.

Example:

<a href="https://www.website.com" rel="nofollow">Link to yoursite.com</a>

2. rel="noreferrer"

Noreferrer is related to analytics and tracking. The referrer value shows the previous page where a user came from. By using the noreferrer attribute on a link, you are preventing other pages from seeing that traffic came from a click on your link.

Example:

<a href="https://www.website.com" rel="noreferrer">Link to yoursite.com</a>

3. rel="noopener"

It prevents the new page from being able to access the window.opener property and will make it run in a separate process. noopener tag works as a security fix which prevents malicious links to take control over an opened tab.

Example:

<a href="https://www.website.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Link to yoursite.com</a>

Q. How can you highlight text in HTML?

The <mark> HTML element represents text which is marked or highlighted for reference or notation purposes, due to the marked passage's relevance or importance in the enclosing context.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Highlight text in HTML</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Search results for "salamander":</p>
    <hr>
    <p>Several species of <mark>salamander</mark> inhabit the temperate rainforest of the Pacific Northwest.</p>
    <p>Most <mark>salamander</mark>s are nocturnal, and hunt for insects, worms, and other small creatures.</p>
  </body>
</html>

Q. How can I get indexed better by search engines?

HTML tags are used to influence the way our pages appear in search results. With the help of certain tags, we can turn regular search snippets into rich snippets, and maybe even into featured snippets. And, as our search snippets get more advanced, they are able to secure better Search Engine Results Pages (SERP) positions and attract more traffic.

Here are all the HTML tags that still matter:

1. Title tag:

Title tags are used by search engines to determine the subject of a page and display it in SERP. As a rule of thumb, titles that are under 60 characters long will fit on most screens. In HTML, a title tag looks like this:

<title>Your Title Goes Here</title>

2. Meta description tag:

Meta description is a short paragraph of text used to describe your page in search results. The function of meta description is similar to the title. It provides a little more detail about your page and it helps users decide whether to visit your page or not. In HTML, a meta description tag looks like this:

<meta name="description" content="Your description goes here">

3. Heading tags:

Headings (H1-H6) are used to split your page into sections or chapters. Each heading is like a small title within the page. In HTML, a heading looks like this:

<h1>Your heading goes here</h1>

4. Image alt attribute:

The alt text attribute is a part of an image tag, and it provides a description for an image. Alt text plays a major role in image optimization. It makes your images accessible both to search engines (by telling them what a particular image means) and to people (by displaying an alternative text in case a particular image cannot be loaded or by helping screen readers convey images). In HTML it may look like this:

<img src="url" alt="Your image description goes here">

5. Open Graph tags:

Open Graph (OG) tags are placed in the <head> section of a page and allow any webpage to become a rich object in social networks. OG tags let you control how the information about your page is represented when shared via social channels. This possibility may help you enhance the performance of your links on social media, thus driving more click-throughs and increasing conversions. In HTML, it can look like this:

<meta name="og:title" property="og:title" content="Your Open Graph Title Goes Here">

6. Robots tag:

A robots tag is an element in the HTML of a page that informs search engines which pages on your site should be indexed and which should not. Its functions are similar to robots.txt, but robots.txt gives suggestions. Whereas robots tags give instructions. In HTML, it can look like this:

<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">

7. Canonical tag:

A canonical tag is a way of telling search engines that a specific URL represents the master copy of a page. Using the canonical tag prevents problems caused by identical or "duplicate" content appearing on multiple URLs. Practically speaking, the canonical tag tells search engines which version of a URL you want to appear in search results. In HTML, it may look like this:

<link href="URL" rel="canonical">

8. HTML5 semantic tags:

One of the most important features of HTML5 is its semantics tags. Semantic tags refers to syntax that makes the HTML more comprehensible by better defining the different sections and layout of web pages. It makes web pages more informative and adaptable, allowing browsers and search engines to better interpret content. For example, instead of using <div id="header"></div> you can use a <header></hrader> tag.

HTML5 semantic tags

Q. What is the difference between an "attribute" and a "property" in HTML?

Attributes are defined by HTML. Properties are accessed from DOM (Document Object Model) nodes.

Example:

<input id="inputId" type="text" value="Hello World!" />

The value property reflects the current text-content inside the input box, whereas the value attribute contains the initial text-content of the value attribute from the HTML source code

Difference between HTML attributes and DOM properties:

Attribute Property
Attributes are defined by HTML. Properties are defined by the DOM.
The value of an attribute is constant. The value of a property is variable.
These are used to initialize the DOM properties. No such job defined.

Q. How do you set IE compatibility mode?

X-UA-Compatible is a document mode meta tag that allows to choose what version of Internet Explorer the page should be rendered as. It is used by Internet Explorer 8 to specify whether a page should be rendered as IE 7 (compatibility view) or IE 8 (standards view).

<html>
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
      <title>My Web Page</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <p>Content goes here.</p>
   </body>
</html>

Emulating the version tells the browser to use the DOCTYPE to determine how to render content. pages without a DOCTYPE will be rendered in quirks mode. Edge mode tells Windows Internet Explorer to display content in the highest mode available, which actually breaks the "lock-in" paradigm. With Internet Explorer 8, this is equivalent to IE8 mode.

Setting the Meta Element:

The meta element includes a content attribute that enables you to specify the mode that content is rendered in for the webpage, as the following table shows.

Value Rendering mode
IE=edge Display content in the highest mode available
IE=9 Use the Windows Internet Explorer 9 standards rendering mode
IE=8 Use the Internet Explorer 8 standards rendering mode
IE=7 Use the Windows Internet Explorer 7 standards rendering mode
IE=5 Use the Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 standards rendering mode

Note: It is recommended that Web developers restrict their use of Edge mode to test pages and other non-production uses because of the possible unexpected results of rendering page content in future versions of Windows Internet Explorer.

Q. What is an optional tag?

The following lists all optional tags.

Tag Description
<area>
<base>
<body>
<br>
<caption>
<col>
<colgroup>
<dd>
<dt>
<embed>
<head>
<hr>
<html>
<img>
<input>
<li>
<link>
<meta>
<optgroup>
<option>
<p>
<param>
<rp>
<rt>
<source>
<tbody>
<td>
<tfoot>
<th>
<thead>
<tr>
<track>
<wbr>

Q. What is an HTML preprocessor? Have you used different HTML templating languages before?

A HTML preprocessor is a program that takes one type of data and converts it to another one. In case of HTML and CSS, some of the more popular preprocessor languages are Slim and Sass. Slim is processed into HTML and Sass is processed into CSS.

No, but I heard about html template language like PUG (formerly Jade), Haml, ERB, Slim, Handlebars, Jinja, Liquid etc which is HTML preprocessor this mean that it is basically a language that will be converted to native html code.

The typical usage is when you render something on the server side. The usual use-case is when you have to add dynamic content to your website, so when you fetch something from your database, you will have to replace some parts in your original template.

Q. How do you change the direction of html text?

The default text direction in HTML is left-to-right. However, when developing web content and applications, we may need to set it to right-to-left, for instance, to cater for languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Pashto, Persian, Urdu, and Sindhi.

We can set text direction in HTML in one of two ways:

  • With the HTML dir attribute
  • With the CSS direction property

Example:

<!-- Syntax -->
<element dir="ltr|rtl|auto">

<!-- Example -->
<textarea dir="rtl"></textarea>

Attribute Values:

Value Description
ltr Default. Left-to-right text direction
rtl Right-to-left text direction
auto Let the browser figure out the text direction, based on the content

Q. When is it appropriate to use the small element?

The <small> HTML element represents side-comments and small print, like copyright and legal text, independent of its styled presentation. By default, it renders text within it one font-size smaller, such as from small to x-small.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
      <title>Small Element</title>
  </head>
  <style>
    small {
      font-size: .7em
    }
  </style>
  <body>
    <p>Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.</p>
    <hr>
    <p><small>The content is licensed under a W3C License.</small></p>
  </body>
</html>

Q. How do you serve a page with content in multiple languages?

The lang attribute specifies the language of the element's content.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <title>HTML5 Multilanguage Page</title>
  </head>
  <body>
      <h2>English</h2>
      <p lang="en">This is demo text</p>
     
      <h2>French</h2>
      <p lang="fr">Ceci est un texte de démonstration</p>
     
      <h2>Spanish</h2>
      <p lang="es">Este es un texto de demostración</p>
  </body>
</html>

Q. What is the difference between <section> and <div>?

The <section> tag creates independent sections within a webpage having logically connected content. And the <div> tag is an empty container specifying a division or a section.

The <section> Element

According to the W3C specification, the <section> tag means that the content inside this element is grouped. In other words, the content relates to a single theme. It must be an entry in the outline of the page.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Section Tag Example</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>W3Docs</h1>
    <section>
      <h2>W3Docs Sections</h2>
      <ul>
        <li>Books</li>
        <li>Quizzes</li>
        <li>Snippets</li>
      </ul>
    </section>
    <section>
      <h3>Books</h3>
      <p>Learn HTML</p>
      <p>Learn CSS</p>
      <p>Learn Javascript</p>
    </section>
  </body>
</html>

The <div> Element

The <div> element only represents its child elements and doesn't have a special meaning. It can be used with the lang, title, and class attributes to add semantics that is common to a group of consecutive elements. This element can also be used in a <dl> tag and wrap groups of <dt> and <dd> elements.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Div Tag Example</title>
    <style>
      div {
        background-color: #87f5b3
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Example</h1>
    <div>
      <h2>A heading in a <div> tag.</h2>
      <p>Some text in a <div> tag.</p>
    </div>
    <p>Here is some other text in a <p> tag.</p>
  </body>
</html>

Q. Discuss the differences between an HTML specification and a browser's implementation thereof.

HTML specifications such as HTML5 define a set of rules that a document must adhere to in order to be "valid" according to that specification. In addition, a specification provides instructions on how a browser must interpret and render such a document.

A browser is said to "support" a specification if it handles valid documents according to the rules of the specification. As of yet, no browser supports all aspects of the HTML5 specification (although all of the major browser support most of it), and as a result, it is necessary for the developer to confirm whether the aspect they are making use of will be supported by all of the browsers on which they hope to display their content. This is why cross-browser support continues to be a headache for developers, despite the improved specificiations.

In addition, while HTML5 defines some rules to follow for an invalid HTML5 document (i.e., one that contains syntactical errors), invalid documents may contain anything, and it is impossible for the specification to handle all possibilities comprehensively. Thus, many decisions about how to handle malformed documents are left up to the browser.

Q. Why you would use a srcset attribute in an image tag? Explain the process the browser used when evaluating the content of this attribute.

The srcset attribute allows to define a list of different image resources along with size information so that browser can pick the most appropriate image based on the actual device's resolution.

Syntax:

<img 
   srcset=" 
      url size, 
      url size, 
      url size " 
    src="default url" 
>

1. Using display density descriptor:

srcset provides a comma-separated list of image resources along with display density it should be used, for example1x, 2x etc.

Example:

<img src="image.jpg" 
     srcset="image.jpg,
             image_2x.jpg 2x"
/>

2. Using width descriptor:

The syntax is similar to the display density descriptor, but instead of display density values, we provide the actual width of the image.

Example:

<img src="image.jpg" 
     srcset="small.jpg 300w,
             medium.jpg 600w,
             large.jpg 900w"
/>

Q. What is accessibility & ARIA role means in a web application?

The Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) Suite, defines a way to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. It especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface controls developed with HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies.

Screen readers work with regular HTML, but adding ARIA can provide screen reader users with greater context and interactivity with the content on the page. ARIA has no effect on how elements are displayed or behave in browsers. It does not add new functionality, and is meant to act only as an extra descriptive layer for screen readers.

Without WAI-ARIA certain functionality used in Web sites is not available to some users with disabilities, especially people who rely on screen readers and people who cannot use a mouse. WAI-ARIA addresses these accessibility challenges, for example, by defining ways for functionality to be provided to assistive technology. With WAI-ARIA, developers can make advanced Web applications accessible and usable to people with disabilities.

ARIA attributes are divided into two categories: roles, and states & properties.

ARIA Roles:

An ARIA role is added via a role="<ROLE TYPE>" attribute, and does not ever change for an element once it is set. There are four categories of ARIA roles:

  • landmark
  • document
  • widget
  • abstract

Landmark ARIA Roles:

Much like semantic HTML elements, landmark ARIA Roles are used to give users of assistive technology a better way to navigate and identify the different parts of a web page.

Example:

 <nav class='mobile-nav' role='navigation' aria-label='Mobile Menu'> List of Links </nav>

While seeming redundant, is actually useful for screen readers. It wouldn't read the aria-label on this navigation, which is really helpful for giving greater context to visually impaired users, without the role="navigation".

The different landmark roles you can use are as follows, copied from the W3C Wiki Page:

  • banner: A region that contains the prime heading or internal title of a page.
  • complementary: Any section of the document that supports the main content, yet is separate and meaningful on its own.
  • contentinfo: A region that contains information about the parent document such as copyrights and links to privacy statements.
  • form: A region of the document that represents a collection of form-associated elements, some of which can represent editable values that can be submitted to a server for processing.
  • main: Main content in a document. In almost all cases a page will have only one role=“main”.
  • navigation: A collection of links suitable for use when navigating the document or related documents.
  • search: The search tool of a Web document.
  • application: A region declared as a web application, as opposed to a web document.

Document ARIA Roles:

Document roles describe the structure of the content on the page, as opposed to the structure of the whole page, which landmark roles describe. The roles in bold are the ones we think are the most common document aria roles, and the ones which are useful to think about including in your HTML.

  • article: A section of a page that consists of a composition that forms an independent part of a document, page, or site.
  • columnheader
  • definition: A definition of a term or concept.
  • directory
  • document
  • group: A set of user interface objects which are not intended to be included in a page summary or table of contents by assistive technologies.
  • heading: A heading for a section of the page.
  • img
  • list
  • listitem
  • math
  • note
  • presentation
  • region
  • row
  • rowgroup
  • rowheader
  • separator
  • toolbar

Widget ARIA Roles:

Widget Roles are used to describe what are often javascript-based interfaces, or the more complicated parts of your web page's interface. The roles that are starred are the ones we think are the most common elements widget aria roles, and the ones which are useful useful to think about including in your HTML.

  • alert: A message with important, and usually time-sensitive, information.
  • alertdialog: A type of dialog that contains an alert message, where initial focus goes to an element within the dialog.
  • button: An input that allows for user-triggered actions when clicked or pressed.
  • checkbox: A checkable input that has three possible values: true, false, or mixed.
  • dialog: A dialog is an application window that is designed to interrupt the current processing of an application in order to prompt the user to enter information or require a response.
  • gridcell
  • link
  • log
  • marquee
  • menuitem
  • menuitemcheckbox
  • menuitemradio
  • option
  • progressbar
  • radio: A checkable input in a group of radio roles, only one of which can be checked at a time.
  • scrollbar
  • slider
  • spinbutton
  • status
  • tab: A grouping label providing a mechanism for selecting the tab content that is to be rendered to the user.
  • tabpanel: A container for the resources associated with a tab, where each tab is contained in a tablist.
  • textbox: Input that allows free-form text as its value.
  • timer
  • tooltip
  • treeitem

Abstract ARIA Roles:

Abstract aria roles are the basis of how the other ARIA roles are defined. These are not to be used in HTML.

ARIA States & Properties:

ARIA states and properties are often used to support ARIA roles that exist on a page. ARIA Properties often describe relationships with other elements, and for the most part, do not change once they're set.

ARIA States are more dynamic and are typically updated with JavaScript as a user interacts with a page. Screen readers are notified when these states change, and can announce these changes to users after an interaction takes place.

While there are 35 aria properties and states the W3C defines and which you can read more about on the W3C site, here are the ones we believe to most commonly used and practical for most web pages/applications.

  • aria-activedescendant: Identifies the currently active descendant of a composite widget. Use with autofill search suggestions.
  • aria-autocomplete: Indicates whether user input completion suggestions are provided. Use with autofill search suggestions.
  • aria-checked (state): Indicates the current “checked” state of checkboxes, radio buttons, and other widgets. You can set this to true, false, or mixed state.
  • aria-controls: Identifies the element (or elements) whose contents or presence are controlled by the current element.
  • aria-describedby: Identifies the element (or elements) that describes the object.
  • aria-disabled (state): Indicates that the element is perceivable but disabled, so it is not editable or otherwise operable.
  • aria-expanded (state): Indicates whether the element, or another grouping element it controls, is currently expanded or collapsed.
  • aria-hidden (state): Indicates that the element and all of its descendants are not visible or perceivable to any user as implemented by the author.
  • aria-invalid (state): Indicates the entered value does not conform to the format expected by the application.
  • aria-label: Defines a string value that labels the current element.
  • aria-labelledby: Identifies the element (or elements) that labels the current element.
  • aria-live: Indicates that an element is dynamic, changing, and will be updated, and describes the types of updates the user can expect from the live region.
  • aria-owns: Identifies an element (or elements) in order to define a visual, functional, or contextual parent/child relationship between DOM elements where the DOM hierarchy cannot be used to represent the relationship.
  • aria-pressed (state): Indicates the current “pressed” state of toggle buttons.
  • aria-required: Indicates that user input is required on the element before a form may be submitted.
  • aria-selected (state): Indicates the current “selected” state of various widgets.

Q. Create a traffic signal light in html?

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Traffic Signal
    </title>
    <style>
      #green{
        background-color: green;
	width: 100px;
	height: 100px;
	border-radius: 50%;
	border: 2px solid #333;
      }
      #yellow{
        background-color: yellow;
	width: 100px;
	height: 100px;
	border-radius: 50%;
	border: 2px solid #333;
      }
      #red{
        background-color: red;
	width: 100px;
	height: 100px;
	border-radius: 50%;
	border: 2px solid #333;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body onload="timer;">
      <div id="red"></div>
      <div id="yellow"></div>
      <div id="green"></div>
      
    <script>
      function startTrafficSignal() {
        
        const red = document.getElementById("red");
        const yellow = document.getElementById("yellow");
	const green = document.getElementById("green");
      
        green.style.opacity = 1;
      
	// Red Signal
        setTimeout(function () {
          green.style.opacity = 0.3;
          red.style.opacity = 1;
          yellow.style.opacity = 0.3;
        }, 7000);
		
        // Yellow Signal
        setTimeout(function () {
          green.style.opacity = 1;
          red.style.opacity = 0.3;
          yellow.style.opacity = 0.3;
        }, 5000);
		
	// Green Signal
        setTimeout(function () {
          green.style.opacity = 0.3;
          red.style.opacity = 0.3;
          yellow.style.opacity = 1;
        }, 12000);
      }

      const timer = setInterval(function () {
        startTrafficSignal();
      }, 12000);
      
      startTrafficSignal();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

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