String Manipulation Functions

[springcomp]

I think a format function would be great for maximum flexibility. However, I still think a core set of useful and simple functions is needed.

Here are string manipulation functions that are available in the programming languages that underlay the various popular JMESPath implementations:

Function	Go	JavaScript	.NET	Python
find_last	LastIndex	lastIndexOf	LastIndexOf	·
find_first	Index	indexOf	IndexOf	find
format	fmt.Sprintf()		Format	format
lower	ToLower	toLowerCase	ToLower	lower
pad_left	·	padStart	PadLeft	rjust
pad_right	·	padEnd	PadRight	ljust
replace	Replace	replace	Replace	replace
slice	(intrinsic)	slice	·	(intrinsic)
split	SplitN	split	Split	split
title	Title	·	·	title
trim_left	TrimLeft	trimStart	TrimStart	lstrip
trim_right	TrimRight	trimEnd	TrimEnd	rstrip
trim	Trim	trim	Trim	strip
upper	ToUpper	toUpperCase	ToUpper	upper

Note that JMESPath already implements the following string manipulation functions:

• contains
• ends_with
• join
• length
• starts_with
• to_number

We plan to propose expanding slices to operate on string types.
This will enable a more powerful equivalent of a substring function.

Please, note that JMESPath already implements reverse on strings that overlaps with the [::-1] slice expression.

Specification

Some string manipulation functions bring the new concept of optional arguments to JMESPath functions. The specification paragraph on function evaluation must thus be changed accordingly – highlighted in bold in the text below:

Functions can either have a specific arity, a range of valid – minimum and maximum – number of arguments or be variadic with a minimum number of arguments. If a function-expression is encountered where the arity does not match or the minimum number of arguments for a variadic function is not provided, then implementations must indicate to the caller than an invalid-arity error occurred. How and when this error is raised is implementation specific.

References

• Go strings package documentation
• Properties of the JavaScript String Prototype Object
• C# String class
• Python String methods

[innovate-invent]

Some additional functions:

trim_left(string $subject, string|array[string] $prefix)	Trim $prefix or any string in $prefix from left of $subject
trim_right(string $subject, string|array[string] $suffix)	Trim $suffix or any string in $suffix from right of $subject
"abc"[::-1]	Reverse string
"abc"[1:]	Substring
pad_left(string $subject, number $width, string $char = " ")	Pad left of $subject with $char to $width
pad_right(string $subject, number $width, string $char = " ")	Pad right of $subject with $char to $width
upper(string $subject)	Set all characters in $subject to uppercase
lower(string $subject)	Set all characters in $subject to lowercase
title(string $subject)	Change $subject to Title Case

An alternative to pad_*, upper, lower, and title could be a format() function that takes a format string with various formatting codes / syntax that include these manipulations.

I think the Python format string syntax is worth adopting. It allows for parametrization of the placeholders within the format string. This opens the doors to extensibility over creating additional string manipulation functions..

[springcomp]

https://peps.python.org/pep-3101/

[springcomp]

String interpolation is indeed a powerful feature in many modern languages.
See #90.

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the upper() and lower() functions. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

lower

string lower(string $subject)

Returns the lowercase $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"STRING"	lower(@)	"string"

upper

string upper(string $subject)

Returns the uppercase $subject string.

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	upper(@)	"STRING"

History

N/A

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the trim(), trim_start() and trim_end() functions. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

trim

string trim(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim() removes the leading and trailing characters found in $chars.

The $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. If this parameter is not specified, or is an empty string, whitespace characters are removed from the $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim(@)	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, '')	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, ' ')	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim(@, 'su ')	"bject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, 'gsu ')	"bject strin"

trim_left

string trim_left(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim_left() removes the leading characters found in $chars.

Like for the trim() function, the $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. trim_left() defaults to removing whitespace characters if $chars is not specified or is and empty string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim_left(@)	"subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'su ')	"bject string"
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'gsu ')	"bject string"

trim_right

string trim_right(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim_right() removes the trailing characters found in $chars.

Like for the trim() and trim_left() functions, the $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. trim_right() defaults to removing whitespace characters if $chars is not specified or is and empty string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim_right(@)	" subject string"
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'su ')	" subject string"
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'gsu ')	" subject strin"

History

N/A

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the replace() function. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

replace

string replace(string $subject, string $old, string $new[, number $count])

Given the $subject string, replace() replaces all occurrences of the $old substring with the $new substring.

The $count optional parameter specifies how many occurrences of the $old substring in $subject are replaced. If this parameter is omitted, all occurrences are replaced. If $count is negative, an error MUST be raised.

The replace() function has no effect if $count is 0.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `0`)	"aabaaabaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `1`)	"-baaabaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `2`)	"-b-abaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `3`)	"-b-ab-aab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-')	"-b-ab--b"

History

N/A

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the pad_left() and pad_right() functions. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

pad_left

string pad_left(string $subject, number $width[, string $pad])

Given the $subject string, pad_left() adds $width - length($subject) characters to the beginning of the string and returns a string of length $width.

The $pad optional string parameter specifies the padding character to use. If this parameter is omitted, pad_left() adds one of more ASCII space characters to the beginning of the string. If present, the $pad string must have a single character, otherwise, an error MUST be raised.

The pad_left() function has no effect if $count is less than, or equal to the length of the  $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	pad_left(@, `0`)	"string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `5`)	"string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `10`)	"    string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `10`, '-')	"----string"

pad_right

string pad_right(string $subject, number $width[, string $pad])

Given the $subject string, pad_right() adds $width - length($subject) characters to the end of the string and returns a string of length $width.

The $pad optional string parameter specifies the padding character to use. If this parameter is omitted, pad_right() adds ASCII space characters to the end of the string. If present, the $pad string must have a single character, otherwise, an error MUST be raised.

The pad_right() function has no effect if $count is less than, or equal to the length of the  $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	pad_right(@, `0`)	"string"
"string"	pad_right(@, `5`)	"string"
"string"	pad_right(@, `10`)	"string    "
"string"	pad_right(@, `10`, '-')	"string----"

History

Date	Change
15-August-2022	Renamed $count argument to the more meaningful $width.

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the find_first(), find_last() functions. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

find_first

string find_first(string $subject, string $sub[, int $start[, int $end]])

Given the $subject string, find_first() returns the index of the first occurence where the $sub substring appears in $subject or null.

The $start and $end parameters are optional and allow to select where find_first() must perform its search within $subject.

• If $start is omitted, it defaults to 0 which is the start of the $subject string.
• If $end is omitted, it defaults to length($subject) -1 which is the end of the string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string')	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`, `14`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `-99`, `100`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`, `13`)	null
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `8`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `9`)	null
"subject string"	find_first(@, 's')	0
"subject string"	find_first(@, 's', 1)	8

find_last

string find_last(string $subject, string $sub[, int $pos])

Given the $subject string, find_last() returns the index of the last occurence where the $sub substring appears in $subject or null.

The $pos optional parameter allow to select where find_last() must perform its search within $subject.

If this parameter is omitted, It defaults to length($subject) - 1 which is the end of the $subject string. find_last() then searches backwards in the $subject string for the first occurrence of $sub.

Given	Expression	Result
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string')	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string', 8)	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string', 7)	null
"subject string"	find_last(@, 's', 8)	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 's', 7)	0

History

N/A

[springcomp]

This is a JEP fragment that specifies the split() function as specified by Chris Armstrong from Gorilla Stack. Each JEP fragment has its own spaces for comments and feedback. Once sufficiently fleshed out, they will be merged into a single JEP

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Specification

split

array[string] split(string $subject, string $search[, number $count])

Given string $subject, split() breaks on occurrences of the string $search and returns an array.

The split() function returns an array containing each partial string between occurrences of $search. If $subject contains no occurrences of the $search string, an array containing just the original $subject string will be returned.

The $count optional parameter specifies how many occurrences of the $search string are split. If this parameter is omitted, all occurrences are split. If $count is negative, and error MUST be raise.

If $count is equal to 0, split() returns an array containing a single element, the $subject string.

Otherwise, the split() function breaks on occurrences of the $search string up to $count times. The last string in the resulting array containing the remaining contents of $subject unmodified.

Examples

Expression	Result
split('all chars', '')	[ "a", "l", "l", " ", "c", "h", "a", "r", "s" ]
split('/', '/')	[ "", "" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|')	[ "average", "min", "max", "mean", "median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', 3)	[ "average", "min", "max", "mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', 2)	[ "average", "min", "max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', 1)	[ "average", "min|-|max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', 0)	[ "average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '-')	[ "average|", "|min|", "|max|", "|mean|", "|median" ]

History

Change	Description
15-August-2022	Reworked document structure.
15-August-2022	Renamed optional argument $max to $count and removed irrelevant default value -1.
15-August-2022	Renamed argument $split_str to $search.
15-August-2022	split() splits up to $count times, rather than the original $count – 1 times.

[springcomp]

Seems there is an inconsistency with the $max parameter (Edit: renamed to $count).

Based on the original examples reproduced here:

Expression	Result
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|mode|-|median', '|-|')	["average", "min", "max", "mean", "mode", "median"]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|mode|-|median', '|-|', 3)	["average", "min", "max|-|mean|-|mode|-|median"]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|mode|-|median', '|-|', 0)	["average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|mode|-|median"]

• When $max is 3, the resulting array splits up to 2 occurrences.
• When $max is 0, the resulting array splits up to 0 occurrences.

This seems to me we should generalize:

• When $max is 2, the resulting array splits up to 1 occurrences.
• When $max is 1, the resulting array splits up to 0 occurrences.

Thus, we arrive at an inconsistency, with the same result being returned when $max is 0 or 1.

I think, for the sake of consistency, we should treat the $max as a $count parameter instead, similar to the argument with the same name in replace() function.

This is consistent with the Python and JavaScript implementation. However, this conflicts with the .NET implementation.

[springcomp]

Should we add a [, bool $removeEmptyEnties] optional parameter?

The first motivating example would then read, with or without this parameter:

• search( split('/', '/'), {} ) -> ["", ""]
• search( split('/', '/', `null`, `true`), {} ) -> []

In that case, the function evaluation specification text must be changed to support specifying some, but not all, of the optional parameters. Maybe adding text like:

To call a function with some, but not all, of the optional parameters, unspecified parameters can be designated by passing a null value instead. Thus, optional parameters can either be omitted, or specified explicitly with a null value.

[springcomp]

Should we add a [, bool $removeEmptyEnties] optional parameter?

This is not really needed after all.
Because empty strings are falsy, we can remove empty entries using the following expression:

• search( [?@], ["", ""] ) -> []

[springcomp]

The string manipulation functions are supported in the preview page.
Please, give them a try!

[springcomp]

String Functions

JEP	14
Author	Maxime Labelle, Chris Armstrong (GorillaStack)
Created	13-October-2022
SemVer	MINOR
Status	Draft
[Discussion #21]	#21

Abstract

This JEP introduces a core set of useful string manipulation functions. Those functions are modeled from functions found in popular programming languages such as JavaScript and Python.

Specification

find_first

int find_first(string $subject, string $sub[, int $start[, int $end]])

Given the $subject string, find_first() returns the index of the first occurence where the $sub substring appears in $subject or null.

The $start and $end parameters are optional and allow to select where find_first() must perform its search within $subject.

• If $start is omitted, it defaults to 0 which is the start of the $subject string.
• If $end is omitted, it defaults to length($subject) - 1 which is the end of the string.

Contrary to similar functions found in most popular programming languages, the find_first() function does not return -1 if the occurrence of the $sub substring cannot be found. Instead, it returns null for consistency reasons with how JMESPath behaves.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string')	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`, `14`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `-99`, `100`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `0`, `13`)	null
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `8`)	8
"subject string"	find_first(@, 'string', `9`)	null
"subject string"	find_first(@, 's')	0
"subject string"	find_first(@, 's', 1)	8

find_last

int find_last(string $subject, string $sub[, int $pos])

Given the $subject string, find_last() returns the index of the last occurence where the $sub substring appears in $subject or null.

The $pos optional parameter allow to select where find_last() must perform its search within $subject.

If this parameter is omitted, It defaults to length($subject) - 1 which is the end of the $subject string. find_last() then searches backwards in the $subject string for the first occurrence of $sub.

Likewise, the find_last() function does not return -1 if the occurrence of the $sub substring cannot be found. Instead, it returns null for consistency reasons with how JMESPath behaves.

Given	Expression	Result
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string')	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string', 8)	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 'string', 7)	null
"subject string"	find_last(@, 's', 8)	8
"subject string"	find_last(@, 's', 7)	0

lower

string lower(string $subject)

Returns the lowercase $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"STRING"	lower(@)	"string"

pad_left

string pad_left(string $subject, number $width[, string $pad])

Given the $subject string, pad_left() adds $width - length($subject) characters to the beginning of the string and returns a string of length $width.

The $pad optional string parameter specifies the padding character to use. If this parameter is omitted, pad_left() adds one of more ASCII space characters to the beginning of the string. If present, the $pad string must have a single character, otherwise, an error MUST be raised.

The pad_left() function has no effect if $width is less than, or equal to the length of the  $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	pad_left(@, `0`)	"string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `5`)	"string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `10`)	"    string"
"string"	pad_left(@, `10`, '-')	"----string"

pad_right

string pad_right(string $subject, number $width[, string $pad])

Given the $subject string, pad_right() adds $width - length($subject) characters to the end of the string and returns a string of length $width.

The $pad optional string parameter specifies the padding character to use. If this parameter is omitted, pad_right() adds ASCII space characters to the end of the string. If present, the $pad string must have a single character, otherwise, an error MUST be raised.

The pad_right() function has no effect if $width is less than, or equal to the length of the  $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	pad_right(@, `0`)	"string"
"string"	pad_right(@, `5`)	"string"
"string"	pad_right(@, `10`)	"string    "
"string"	pad_right(@, `10`, '-')	"string----"

replace

string replace(string $subject, string $old, string $new[, number $count])

Given the $subject string, replace() replaces all occurrences of the $old substring with the $new substring.

The $count optional parameter specifies how many occurrences of the $old substring in $subject are replaced. If this parameter is omitted, all occurrences are replaced. If $count is negative, an error MUST be raised.

The replace() function has no effect if $count is 0.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `0`)	"aabaaabaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `1`)	"-baaabaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `2`)	"-b-abaaaab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-', `3`)	"-b-ab-aab"
"aabaaabaaaab"	replace(@, 'aa', '-')	"-b-ab--b"

split

array[string] split(string $subject, string $search[, number $count])

Given string $subject, split() breaks on occurrences of the string $search and returns an array.

The split() function returns an array containing each partial string between occurrences of $search. If $subject contains no occurrences of the $search string, an array containing just the original $subject string will be returned.

The $count optional parameter specifies how many occurrences of the $search string are split. If this parameter is omitted, all occurrences are split. If $count is negative, and error MUST be raised.

If $count is equal to 0, split() returns an array containing a single element, the $subject string.

Otherwise, the split() function breaks on occurrences of the $search string up to $count times. The last string in the resulting array containing the remaining contents of $subject unmodified.

Note: The split() function was originally designed by Chris Armstrong. However, its behaviour has been slightly altered for consistency reasons.

Examples

Expression	Result
split('all chars', '')	[ "a", "l", "l", " ", "c", "h", "a", "r", "s" ]
split('/', '/')	[ "", "" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|')	[ "average", "min", "max", "mean", "median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', `3`)	[ "average", "min", "max", "mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', `2`)	[ "average", "min", "max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', `1`)	[ "average", "min|-|max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '|-|', `0`)	[ "average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median" ]
split('average|-|min|-|max|-|mean|-|median', '-')	[ "average|", "|min|", "|max|", "|mean|", "|median" ]

Specification

trim

string trim(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim() removes the leading and trailing characters found in $chars.

The $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. If this parameter is not specified, or is an empty string, whitespace characters are removed from the $subject string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim(@)	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, '')	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, ' ')	"subject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim(@, 'su ')	"bject string"
" subject string "	trim(@, 'gsu ')	"bject strin"

trim_left

string trim_left(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim_left() removes the leading characters found in $chars.

Like for the trim() function, the $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. trim_left() defaults to removing whitespace characters if $chars is not specified or is an empty string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim_left(@)	"subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'su ')	"bject string "
" subject string "	trim_left(@, 'gsu ')	"bject string "

trim_right

string trim_right(string $subject[, string $chars])

Given the $subject string, trim_right() removes the trailing characters found in $chars.

Like for the trim() and trim_left() functions, the $chars optional string parameter represents a set of characters to be removed. trim_right() defaults to removing whitespace characters if $chars is not specified or is an empty string.

Examples

Given	Expression	Result
" subject string "	trim_right(@)	" subject string"
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 's')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'su')	" subject string "
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'su ')	" subject string"
" subject string "	trim_right(@, 'gsu ')	" subject strin"

upper

string upper(string $subject)

Returns the uppercase $subject string.

Given	Expression	Result
"string"	upper(@)	"STRING"

Compliance

A new string_functions.json file will be added to the compliance tests.

[hktonylee]

Thanks for the proposal @springcomp. Can we also add a case_fold for a proper case insensitive comparison (in additional to lower / upper)?

For example, the lower case of ß is ß. The lower case of ss is ss. They are not the same if converting to lower case first. But they are same (case-insensitively) in German.

// this is Javascript
'ß'.toLowerCase() == 'ss'.toLowerCase() // this is false
'ß'.localeCompare('ss', undefined, { sensitivity: 'base' })  // this is 0, they are the same with case insensitive comparison

[springcomp]

@hktonylee thanks for the feedback.

As a general principle, we try to not dwelve too deep in Unicode-specific issues within JMESPath as we think this is best handled at an application level. That’s why I’m weary to standardize such a function.

That said, that is a really good idea for a Unicode-specific set of extensions that could be provided alongside this project.

[vivek-1689]

Hi,
When can we expect this feature to be available for ruby version?

[springcomp]

As soon as a sufficiently motivated contributor works on a fork to the ruby implementation 😁.

I ramped up my skills and implemented the Python version.
I have learned Go in 12 minutes and forked and implemented the Golang version.
I have somehow pretended knowing TypeScript and implemented the TypeScript version.

I’m running out of momentum, to be honest 🤷‍♂️ and do not see Ruby as worthy enough to learn in my skill set to tackle this myself.

[dust63]

I propose to add a regex operator, to allow to use the power of regex:

Match operator

Given the $subject string, regex_match() find the pattern and return a boolean result.

Given	Expression	Result
"foo"	regex_match(@, 'foo')	True
"foo"	regex_match(@, 'bar')	False
"foo.bar"	regex_match(@, '.bar$')	True
"foo.oof"	regex_match(@, '.bar$')	False
"[email protected]"	regex_match(@, '^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$')	True
"johndoe.eurocorp.com"	regex_match(@, '^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$')	False

[springcomp]

Thanks for your feedback.
There is ongoing discussion around this topic. Can I kindly request you to leave your feedback there ?

Also, there is a pending proposal submitted to the official specification but that is subject to the interoperable regex RFC being approved. Please, note that we will be implementing that proposal as functions, pretty much in the same way as you are showing in your table.