Cherry-pick #8329 to v1.71.x

[eshitachandwani]

Original PR: #8329
Related Issue: #8327

RELEASE NOTES:

• client: restore support for NO_PROXY environment variable when connecting to locally-resolved addresses. This fixes a regression and restores historical grpc-go behavior (use case 2 from gRFC A1 ).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 82.37%. Comparing base (70bc998) to head (8be06c5).
Report is 1 commits behind head on v1.71.x.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           v1.71.x    #8352      +/-   ##
===========================================
- Coverage    82.47%   82.37%   -0.11%     
===========================================
  Files          387      387              
  Lines        38995    39009      +14     
===========================================
- Hits         32163    32134      -29     
- Misses        5533     5568      +35     
- Partials      1299     1307       +8     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
.../resolver/delegatingresolver/delegatingresolver.go	86.42% <100.00%> (+0.91%)	⬆️

... and 20 files with indirect coverage changes

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