go-gitea · wxiaoguang · Apr 15, 2026 · Apr 15, 2026 · Apr 15, 2026 · Apr 15, 2026
diff --git a/modules/markup/external/openapi.go b/modules/markup/external/openapi.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func (p *openAPIRenderer) Render(ctx *markup.RenderContext, input io.Reader, out
 </head>
 <body>
 	<div id="swagger-ui"><textarea class="swagger-spec-content" data-spec-filename="%s">%s</textarea></div>
-	<script type="module" src="%s"></script>
+	<script nonce type="module" src="%s"></script>
 </body>
 </html>`,
 		public.AssetURI("css/swagger.css"),

diff --git a/modules/markup/render.go b/modules/markup/render.go
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func RenderWithRenderer(ctx *RenderContext, renderer Renderer, input io.Reader,
 		extraLinkHref := ctx.RenderOptions.StandalonePageOptions.CurrentWebTheme.PublicAssetURI()
 		// "<script>" must go before "<link>", to make Golang's http.DetectContentType() can still recognize the content as "text/html"
 		// DO NOT use "type=module", the script must run as early as possible, to set up the environment in the iframe
-		extraHeadHTML = htmlutil.HTMLFormat(`<script crossorigin src="%s"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="%s">`, extraScriptSrc, extraLinkHref)
+		extraHeadHTML = htmlutil.HTMLFormat(`<script nonce crossorigin src="%s"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="%s">`, extraScriptSrc, extraLinkHref)
 	}
 
 	ctx.usedByRender = true

diff --git a/modules/templates/helper.go b/modules/templates/helper.go
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ package templates
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"html"
 	"html/template"
 	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/base"
@@ -69,8 +67,7 @@ func newFuncMapWebPage() template.FuncMap {
 			return strconv.FormatInt(time.Since(startTime).Nanoseconds()/1e6, 10) + "ms"
 		},
 
-		"AssetURI":     public.AssetURI,
-		"ScriptImport": scriptImport,
+		"AssetURI": public.AssetURI,
 
 		// -----------------------------------------------------------------
 		// setting
@@ -290,30 +287,3 @@ func QueryBuild(a ...any) template.URL {
 	}
 	return template.URL(s)
 }
-
-var globalVars = sync.OnceValue(func() (ret struct {
-	scriptImportRemainingPart string
-},
-) {
-	// add onerror handler to alert users when the script fails to load:
-	// * for end users: there were many users reporting that "UI doesn't work", actually they made mistakes in their config
-	// * for developers: help them to remember to run "make watch-frontend" to build frontend assets
-	// the message will be directly put in the onerror JS code's string
-	onScriptErrorPrompt := `Please make sure the asset files can be accessed.`
-	if !setting.IsProd {
-		onScriptErrorPrompt += `\n\nFor development, run: make watch-frontend.`
-	}
-	onScriptErrorJS := fmt.Sprintf(`alert('Failed to load asset file from ' + this.src + '. %s')`, onScriptErrorPrompt)
-	ret.scriptImportRemainingPart = `onerror="` + html.EscapeString(onScriptErrorJS) + `"></script>`
-	return ret
-})
-
-func scriptImport(path string, typ ...string) template.HTML {
-	if len(typ) > 0 {
-		if typ[0] == "module" {
-			return template.HTML(`<script type="module" src="` + html.EscapeString(public.AssetURI(path)) + `" ` + globalVars().scriptImportRemainingPart)
-		}
-		panic("unsupported script type: " + typ[0])
-	}
-	return template.HTML(`<script src="` + html.EscapeString(public.AssetURI(path)) + `" ` + globalVars().scriptImportRemainingPart)
-}
diff --git a/modules/util/util.go b/modules/util/util.go
@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@ package util
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	rand2 "math/rand/v2"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
 	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
 	"golang.org/x/text/language"
@@ -85,10 +88,39 @@ func CryptoRandomString(length int64) (string, error) {
 // CryptoRandomBytes generates `length` crypto bytes
 // This differs from CryptoRandomString, as each byte in CryptoRandomString is generated by [0,61] range
 // This function generates totally random bytes, each byte is generated by [0,255] range
+// TODO: it never fails, remove the "error" in the future
 func CryptoRandomBytes(length int64) ([]byte, error) {
 	buf := make([]byte, length)
-	_, err := rand.Read(buf)
-	return buf, err
+	if _, err := rand.Read(buf); err != nil {
+		panic(err) // this should never happen, "rand.Read" never fails
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+var chaCha8RandPool = sync.OnceValue(func() *sync.Pool {
+	return &sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			var buf [32]byte
+			_, _ = rand.Read(buf[:])
+			return rand2.NewChaCha8(buf)
+		},
+	}
+})
+
+func FastCryptoRandomBytes(length int) []byte {
+	// ChaCha8 is about 20x times faster than system's crypto/rand.
+	// It is suitable for UUIDs, session IDs, etc
+	pool := chaCha8RandPool()
+	chaCha8Rand := pool.Get().(*rand2.ChaCha8)
+	defer pool.Put(chaCha8Rand)
+	buf := make([]byte, length)
+	_, _ = chaCha8Rand.Read(buf)
+	return buf
+}
+
+func FastCryptoRandomHex(length int) string {
+	buf := FastCryptoRandomBytes(length / 2)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(buf)
 }
 
 // ToLowerASCII returns s with all ASCII letters mapped to their lower case.

diff --git a/services/context/context.go b/services/context/context.go
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@ type Context struct {
 	Package *Package
 }
 
-type TemplateContext map[string]any
-
 func init() {
 	web.RegisterResponseStatusProvider[*Base](func(req *http.Request) web_types.ResponseStatusProvider {
 		return req.Context().Value(BaseContextKey).(*Base)

diff --git a/services/context/context_template.go b/services/context/context_template.go
@@ -5,18 +5,25 @@ package context
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"html"
 	"html/template"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httplib"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/public"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/webtheme"
 )
 
+type TemplateContext map[string]any
+
 var _ context.Context = TemplateContext(nil)
 
 func NewTemplateContext(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) TemplateContext {
@@ -83,3 +90,72 @@ func (c TemplateContext) AppFullLink(link ...string) template.URL {
 	}
 	return template.URL(s + strings.TrimPrefix(link[0], "/"))
 }
+
+var globalVars = sync.OnceValue(func() (ret struct {
+	scriptImportRemainingPart string
+},
+) {
+	// add onerror handler to alert users when the script fails to load:
+	// * for end users: there were many users reporting that "UI doesn't work", actually they made mistakes in their config
+	// * for developers: help them to remember to run "make watch-frontend" to build frontend assets
+	// the message will be directly put in the onerror JS code's string
+	onScriptErrorPrompt := `Please make sure the asset files can be accessed.`
+	if !setting.IsProd {
+		onScriptErrorPrompt += `\n\nFor development, run: make watch-frontend.`
+	}
+	onScriptErrorJS := fmt.Sprintf(`alert('Failed to load asset file from ' + this.src + '. %s')`, onScriptErrorPrompt)
+	ret.scriptImportRemainingPart = `onerror="` + html.EscapeString(onScriptErrorJS) + `"></script>`
+	return ret
+})
+
+func (c TemplateContext) ScriptImport(path string, typ ...string) template.HTML {
+	if len(typ) > 0 {
+		if typ[0] == "module" {
+			return template.HTML(`<script nonce="` + c.CspScriptNonce() + `" type="module" src="` + html.EscapeString(public.AssetURI(path)) + `" ` + globalVars().scriptImportRemainingPart)
+		}
+		panic("unsupported script type: " + typ[0])
+	}
+	return template.HTML(`<script nonce="` + c.CspScriptNonce() + `" src="` + html.EscapeString(public.AssetURI(path)) + `" ` + globalVars().scriptImportRemainingPart)
+}
+
+func (c TemplateContext) CspScriptNonce() (ret string) {
+	// Generate a random nonce for each request and cache it in the context to make it usable during the whole rendering process.
+	//
+	// Some "<script>" tags are not in the CSP context, so they don't need nonce,
+	// these tags are written as "<script nonce>" to help developers to know that "no script nonce attribute is missing"
+	// (e.g.: when they grep the codebase for "script" tags)
+
+	ret, _ = c["_cspScriptNonce"].(string)
+	if ret == "" {
+		ret = util.FastCryptoRandomHex(32) // 16 bytes / 128 bits entropy
+		c["_cspScriptNonce"] = ret
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func (c TemplateContext) HeadMetaContentSecurityPolicy() template.HTML {
+	// The CSP problem is more complicated than it looks.
+	// Gitea was designed to support various "customizations", including:
+	// * custom themes (custom CSS and JS)
+	// * custom assets URL (CDN)
+	// * custom plugins and external renders (e.g.: PlantUML render, and the renders might also load some JS/CSS assets)
+	// There is no easy way for end users to make the CSP "source" completely right.
+	//
+	// There can be 2 approaches in the future:
+	// A. Let end users to configure their reverse proxy to add CSP header
+	//    * Browsers will merge and use the stricter rules between Gitea and reverse proxy
+	// B. Introduce some config options in "app.ini"
+	//    * Maybe this approach should be avoided, don't make the config system too complex, just let users use A
+	return template.HTML(`<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="` +
+		// allow all by default (the same as old releases with no CSP)
+		// "data:" is used to load the manifest in head (maybe also need to be refactored in the future)
+		// maybe some images are also loaded by "data:", need to investigate
+		`default-src * data:;` +
+
+		// enforce nonce for all scripts, disallow inline scripts
+		`script-src * 'nonce-` + c.CspScriptNonce() + `';` +
+
+		// it seems that Vue needs the unsafe-inline, and our custom colors (e.g.: label) also need it
+		`style-src * 'unsafe-inline';` +
+		`">`)
+}
diff --git a/templates/base/footer.tmpl b/templates/base/footer.tmpl
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 	</div>
 	{{template "custom/body_outer_post" .}}
 	{{template "base/footer_content" .}}
-	{{ScriptImport "js/index.js" "module"}}
+	{{ctx.ScriptImport "js/index.js" "module"}}
 	{{template "custom/footer" .}}
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/templates/base/head.tmpl b/templates/base/head.tmpl
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="{{ctx.Locale.Lang}}" data-theme="{{ctx.CurrentWebTheme.InternalName}}">
 <head>
+	{{ctx.HeadMetaContentSecurityPolicy}}
 	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
 	<title>{{if .Title}}{{.Title}} - {{end}}{{.PageTitleCommon}}</title>
 	{{if .ManifestData}}<link rel="manifest" href="data:{{.ManifestData}}">{{end}}

diff --git a/templates/base/head_script.tmpl b/templates/base/head_script.tmpl
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 If you are customizing Gitea, please do not change this file.
 If you introduce mistakes in it, Gitea JavaScript code wouldn't run correctly.
 */}}
-<script>
+<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}">
 	{{/* before our JS code gets loaded, use arrays to store errors, then the arrays will be switched to our error handler later */}}
 	window.addEventListener('error', function(e) {window._globalHandlerErrors=window._globalHandlerErrors||[]; window._globalHandlerErrors.push(e);});
 	window.addEventListener('unhandledrejection', function(e) {window._globalHandlerErrors=window._globalHandlerErrors||[]; window._globalHandlerErrors.push(e);});
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ If you introduce mistakes in it, Gitea JavaScript code wouldn't run correctly.
 	{{/* in case some pages don't render the pageData, we make sure it is an object to prevent null access */}}
 	window.config.pageData = window.config.pageData || {};
 </script>
-{{ScriptImport "js/iife.js"}}
+{{ctx.ScriptImport "js/iife.js"}}
diff --git a/templates/repo/diff/box.tmpl b/templates/repo/diff/box.tmpl
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 					{{svg "octicon-sidebar-collapse" 20 "icon tw-hidden"}}
 					{{svg "octicon-sidebar-expand" 20 "icon tw-hidden"}}
 				</button>
-				<script>
+				<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}">
 					// Default to true if unset
 					const diffTreeVisible = window.localUserSettings.getBoolean('diff_file_tree_visible', true);
 					const diffTreeBtn = document.querySelector('.diff-toggle-file-tree-button');
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 		{{if $showFileTree}}
 			{{$.FileIconPoolHTML}}
 			<div id="diff-file-tree" class="tw-hidden not-mobile"></div>
-			<script>
+			<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}">
 				if (diffTreeVisible) document.getElementById('diff-file-tree').classList.remove('tw-hidden');
 			</script>
 		{{end}}

diff --git a/templates/repo/issue/view_content/pull_merge_box.tmpl b/templates/repo/issue/view_content/pull_merge_box.tmpl
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
 							{{$hasPendingPullRequestMergeTip = ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.pulls.auto_merge_has_pending_schedule" .PendingPullRequestMerge.Doer.Name $createdPRMergeStr}}
 						{{end}}
 						<div class="divider"></div>
-						<script type="module">
+						<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" type="module">
 						(() => {
 							const defaultMergeTitle = {{.DefaultMergeMessage}};
 							const defaultSquashMergeTitle = {{.DefaultSquashMergeMessage}};

diff --git a/templates/shared/combomarkdowneditor.tmpl b/templates/shared/combomarkdowneditor.tmpl
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 				{{if .DisableAutosize}}data-disable-autosize="{{.DisableAutosize}}"{{end}}
 			>{{.TextareaContent}}</textarea>
 		</text-expander>
-		<script>
+		<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}">
 			if (window.localUserSettings.getBoolean('markdown-editor-monospace')) {
 				document.querySelector('.markdown-text-editor').classList.add('tw-font-mono');
 			}

diff --git a/templates/status/500.tmpl b/templates/status/500.tmpl
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="{{ctx.Locale.Lang}}" data-theme="{{ctx.CurrentWebTheme.InternalName}}">
 <head>
+	{{ctx.HeadMetaContentSecurityPolicy}}
 	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
 	<title>Internal Server Error - {{AppName}}</title>
 	<link rel="icon" href="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml">
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@
 	{{/* When a sub-template triggers an 500 error, its parent template has been partially rendered, then the 500 page
 		will be rendered after that partially rendered page, the HTML/JS are totally broken. Use this inline script to try to move it to main viewport.
 		And this page shouldn't include any other JS file, avoid duplicate JS execution (still due to the partial rendering).*/}}
-	<script type="module">
+	<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" type="module">
 		const embedded = document.querySelector('.page-content .page-content.status-page-500');
 		if (embedded) {
 			// move the 500 error page content to main view

diff --git a/templates/swagger/openapi-viewer.tmpl b/templates/swagger/openapi-viewer.tmpl
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en">
 	<head>
+		{{ctx.HeadMetaContentSecurityPolicy}}
 		<title>Gitea API</title>
 		{{/* HINT: SWAGGER-OPENAPI-VIEWER: another place is "modules/markup/external/openapi.go" */}}
 		<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ctx.CurrentWebTheme.PublicAssetURI}}">
@@ -11,6 +12,6 @@
 		<a class="swagger-back-link" href="{{AppSubUrl}}/">{{svg "octicon-reply"}}{{ctx.Locale.Tr "return_to_gitea"}}</a>
 		<div id="swagger-ui" data-source="{{AppSubUrl}}/swagger.v1.json"></div>
 		<footer class="page-footer"></footer>
-		{{ScriptImport "js/swagger.js" "module"}}
+		{{ctx.ScriptImport "js/swagger.js" "module"}}
 	</body>
 </html>
diff --git a/templates/user/auth/captcha.tmpl b/templates/user/auth/captcha.tmpl
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
 	<div class="inline field tw-text-center required">
 		<div id="captcha" data-captcha-type="g-recaptcha" class="g-recaptcha-style" data-sitekey="{{.RecaptchaSitekey}}"></div>
 	</div>
-	<script defer src='{{.RecaptchaAPIScriptURL}}'></script>
+	<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" defer src='{{.RecaptchaAPIScriptURL}}'></script>
 {{else if eq .CaptchaType "hcaptcha"}}
 	<div class="inline field tw-text-center required">
 		<div id="captcha" data-captcha-type="h-captcha" class="h-captcha-style" data-sitekey="{{.HcaptchaSitekey}}"></div>
 	</div>
-	<script defer src='https://hcaptcha.com/1/api.js'></script>
+	<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" defer src='https://hcaptcha.com/1/api.js'></script>
 {{else if eq .CaptchaType "mcaptcha"}}
 	<div class="inline field tw-text-center">
 		<div class="m-captcha-style" id="mcaptcha__widget-container"></div>
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@
 	<div class="inline field tw-text-center">
 		<div id="captcha" data-captcha-type="cf-turnstile" data-sitekey="{{.CfTurnstileSitekey}}"></div>
 	</div>
-	<script defer src='https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js'></script>
+	<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" defer src='https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js'></script>
 {{end}}{{end}}
diff --git a/templates/user/dashboard/repolist.tmpl b/templates/user/dashboard/repolist.tmpl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<script type="module">
+<script nonce="{{ctx.CspScriptNonce}}" type="module">
 const data = {
 	...window.config.pageData.dashboardRepoList, // it only contains searchLimit and uid
 

diff --git a/tests/integration/markup_external_test.go b/tests/integration/markup_external_test.go
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestExternalMarkupRenderer(t *testing.T) {
 				// default sandbox in sub page response
 				assert.Equal(t, "frame-src 'self'; sandbox allow-scripts allow-popups", respSub.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy"))
 				// FIXME: actually here is a bug (legacy design problem), the "PostProcess" will escape "<script>" tag, but it indeed is the sanitizer's job
-				assert.Equal(t, `<script crossorigin src="`+public.AssetURI("js/external-render-helper.js")+`"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="`+public.AssetURI("css/theme-gitea-auto.css")+`"><div><any attr="val">&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</any></div>`, respSub.Body.String())
+				assert.Equal(t, `<script nonce crossorigin src="`+public.AssetURI("js/external-render-helper.js")+`"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="`+public.AssetURI("css/theme-gitea-auto.css")+`"><div><any attr="val">&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</any></div>`, respSub.Body.String())
 			})
 		})
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestExternalMarkupRenderer(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Run("HTMLContentWithExternalRenderIframeHelper", func(t *testing.T) {
 				req := NewRequest(t, "GET", "/user2/repo1/render/branch/master/html.no-sanitizer")
 				respSub := MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
-				assert.Equal(t, `<script crossorigin src="`+public.AssetURI("js/external-render-helper.js")+`"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="`+public.AssetURI("css/theme-gitea-auto.css")+`"><script>foo("raw")</script>`, respSub.Body.String())
+				assert.Equal(t, `<script nonce crossorigin src="`+public.AssetURI("js/external-render-helper.js")+`"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="`+public.AssetURI("css/theme-gitea-auto.css")+`"><script>foo("raw")</script>`, respSub.Body.String())
 				assert.Equal(t, "frame-src 'self'", respSub.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy"))
 			})
 		})