Rollup merge of rust-lang#41192 - zackw:eprintln, r=alexcrichton

Add `eprint!` and `eprintln!` macros to the prelude.

These are exactly the same as `print!` and `println!` except that they write to stderr instead of stdout.  Issues rust-lang#39228 and rust-lang#40528; previous PR rust-lang#39229; accepted RFC rust-lang/rfcs#1869; proposed revision to The Book rust-lang/book#615.

I have _not_ revised this any since the original submission; I will do that later this week.  I wanted to get this PR in place since it's been quite a while since the RFC was merged.

Known outstanding review comments:

* [x] @steveklabnik requested a new chapter for the unstable version of The Book -- please see if the proposed revisions to the second edition cover it.
* [x] @nodakai asked if it were possible to merge the internal methods `_print` and `_eprint` - not completely, since they both refer to different internal globals which we don't want to expose, but I will see if some duplication can be factored out.

Please let me know if I missed anything.

src/doc/unstable-book/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
     - [peek](library-features/peek.md)
     - [placement_in](library-features/placement-in.md)
     - [placement_new_protocol](library-features/placement-new-protocol.md)
-    - [print](library-features/print.md)
+    - [print_internals](library-features/print-internals.md)
     - [proc_macro_internals](library-features/proc-macro-internals.md)
     - [process_try_wait](library-features/process-try-wait.md)
     - [question_mark_carrier](library-features/question-mark-carrier.md)

src/doc/unstable-book/src/library-features/print.md → src/doc/unstable-book/src/library-features/print-internals.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# `print`
+# `print_internals`
 
 This feature is internal to the Rust compiler and is not intended for general use.
 

src/libstd/io/mod.rs

@@ -287,9 +287,11 @@ pub use self::error::{Result, Error, ErrorKind};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 pub use self::util::{copy, sink, Sink, empty, Empty, repeat, Repeat};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-pub use self::stdio::{stdin, stdout, stderr, _print, Stdin, Stdout, Stderr};
+pub use self::stdio::{stdin, stdout, stderr, Stdin, Stdout, Stderr};
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 pub use self::stdio::{StdoutLock, StderrLock, StdinLock};
+#[unstable(feature = "print_internals", issue = "0")]
+pub use self::stdio::{_print, _eprint};
 #[unstable(feature = "libstd_io_internals", issue = "0")]
 #[doc(no_inline, hidden)]
 pub use self::stdio::{set_panic, set_print};

src/libstd/io/stdio.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use io::{self, BufReader, LineWriter};
 use sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard};
 use sys::stdio;
 use sys_common::remutex::{ReentrantMutex, ReentrantMutexGuard};
-use thread::LocalKeyState;
+use thread::{LocalKey, LocalKeyState};
 
 /// Stdout used by print! and println! macros
 thread_local! {
@@ -659,41 +659,56 @@ pub fn set_print(sink: Option<Box<Write + Send>>) -> Option<Box<Write + Send>> {
     })
 }
 
-#[unstable(feature = "print",
-           reason = "implementation detail which may disappear or be replaced at any time",
-           issue = "0")]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
-    // As an implementation of the `println!` macro, we want to try our best to
-    // not panic wherever possible and get the output somewhere. There are
-    // currently two possible vectors for panics we take care of here:
-    //
-    // 1. If the TLS key for the local stdout has been destroyed, accessing it
-    //    would cause a panic. Note that we just lump in the uninitialized case
-    //    here for convenience, we're not trying to avoid a panic.
-    // 2. If the local stdout is currently in use (e.g. we're in the middle of
-    //    already printing) then accessing again would cause a panic.
-    //
-    // If, however, the actual I/O causes an error, we do indeed panic.
-    let result = match LOCAL_STDOUT.state() {
+/// Write `args` to output stream `local_s` if possible, `global_s`
+/// otherwise. `label` identifies the stream in a panic message.
+///
+/// This function is used to print error messages, so it takes extra
+/// care to avoid causing a panic when `local_stream` is unusable.
+/// For instance, if the TLS key for the local stream is uninitialized
+/// or already destroyed, or if the local stream is locked by another
+/// thread, it will just fall back to the global stream.
+///
+/// However, if the actual I/O causes an error, this function does panic.
+fn print_to<T>(args: fmt::Arguments,
+               local_s: &'static LocalKey<RefCell<Option<Box<Write+Send>>>>,
+               global_s: fn() -> T,
+               label: &str) where T: Write {
+    let result = match local_s.state() {
         LocalKeyState::Uninitialized |
-        LocalKeyState::Destroyed => stdout().write_fmt(args),
+        LocalKeyState::Destroyed => global_s().write_fmt(args),
         LocalKeyState::Valid => {
-            LOCAL_STDOUT.with(|s| {
+            local_s.with(|s| {
                 if let Ok(mut borrowed) = s.try_borrow_mut() {
                     if let Some(w) = borrowed.as_mut() {
                         return w.write_fmt(args);
                     }
                 }
-                stdout().write_fmt(args)
+                global_s().write_fmt(args)
             })
         }
     };
     if let Err(e) = result {
-        panic!("failed printing to stdout: {}", e);
+        panic!("failed printing to {}: {}", label, e);
     }
 }
 
+#[unstable(feature = "print_internals",
+           reason = "implementation detail which may disappear or be replaced at any time",
+           issue = "0")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    print_to(args, &LOCAL_STDOUT, stdout, "stdout");
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "print_internals",
+           reason = "implementation detail which may disappear or be replaced at any time",
+           issue = "0")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn _eprint(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    use panicking::LOCAL_STDERR;
+    print_to(args, &LOCAL_STDERR, stderr, "stderr");
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use thread;

src/libstd/macros.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ macro_rules! panic {
 /// necessary to use `io::stdout().flush()` to ensure the output is emitted
 /// immediately.
 ///
+/// Use `print!` only for the primary output of your program.  Use
+/// `eprint!` instead to print error and progress messages.
+///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// Panics if writing to `io::stdout()` fails.
@@ -105,9 +108,12 @@ macro_rules! print {
 /// Use the `format!` syntax to write data to the standard output.
 /// See `std::fmt` for more information.
 ///
+/// Use `println!` only for the primary output of your program.  Use
+/// `eprintln!` instead to print error and progress messages.
+///
 /// # Panics
 ///
-/// Panics if writing to `io::stdout()` fails.
+/// Panics if writing to `io::stdout` fails.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
@@ -124,6 +130,45 @@ macro_rules! println {
     ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (print!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
 }
 
+/// Macro for printing to the standard error.
+///
+/// Equivalent to the `print!` macro, except that output goes to
+/// `io::stderr` instead of `io::stdout`.  See `print!` for
+/// example usage.
+///
+/// Use `eprint!` only for error and progress messages.  Use `print!`
+/// instead for the primary output of your program.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if writing to `io::stderr` fails.
+#[macro_export]
+#[stable(feature = "eprint", since="1.18.0")]
+#[allow_internal_unstable]
+macro_rules! eprint {
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::_eprint(format_args!($($arg)*)));
+}
+
+/// Macro for printing to the standard error, with a newline.
+///
+/// Equivalent to the `println!` macro, except that output goes to
+/// `io::stderr` instead of `io::stdout`.  See `println!` for
+/// example usage.
+///
+/// Use `eprintln!` only for error and progress messages.  Use `println!`
+/// instead for the primary output of your program.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if writing to `io::stderr` fails.
+#[macro_export]
+#[stable(feature = "eprint", since="1.18.0")]
+macro_rules! eprintln {
+    () => (eprint!("\n"));
+    ($fmt:expr) => (eprint!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
+    ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => (eprint!(concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
+}
+
 /// A macro to select an event from a number of receivers.
 ///
 /// This macro is used to wait for the first event to occur on a number of

src/test/run-pass/print-stdout-eprint-stderr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+// ignore-emscripten spawning processes is not supported
+
+use std::{env, process};
+
+fn child() {
+    print!("[stdout 0]");
+    print!("[stdout {}]", 1);
+    println!("[stdout {}]", 2);
+    println!();
+    eprint!("[stderr 0]");
+    eprint!("[stderr {}]", 1);
+    eprintln!("[stderr {}]", 2);
+    eprintln!();
+}
+
+fn parent() {
+    let this = env::args().next().unwrap();
+    let output = process::Command::new(this).arg("-").output().unwrap();
+    assert!(output.status.success());
+
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap();
+    let stderr = String::from_utf8(output.stderr).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(stdout, "[stdout 0][stdout 1][stdout 2]\n\n");
+    assert_eq!(stderr, "[stderr 0][stderr 1][stderr 2]\n\n");
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    if env::args().count() == 2 { child() } else { parent() }
+}