Skip to content
Merged
Changes from all commits
Commits
File filter

Filter by extension

Filter by extension

Conversations
Failed to load comments.
Loading
Jump to
Jump to file
Failed to load files.
Loading
Diff view
Diff view
18 changes: 2 additions & 16 deletions public/content/decentralized-identity/index.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -83,23 +83,11 @@ This model allows for selective disclosure, especially when combined with [zero-

#### 💡Case study: Bhutan National Digital ID (NDI) on Ethereum {#case-study-bhutan-ndi}

- Provides access to verifiable identity credentials for Bhutan's nearly 800,000 citizens
- Provides access to verifiable credentials for Bhutan's nearly 800,000 citizens
- Migrated from the Polygon network [to Ethereum mainnet](https://www.bhutanndi.com/article/bhutan-adopts-ethereum-for-national-identity-a-new-chapter-in-digital-sovereignty_2d0c7ec2-5605-4c42-b258-bd9361ae8878) in October 2025
- Over [234,000 digital IDs](https://www.blockchain-council.org/blockchain/bhutan-uses-blockchain-in-digital-id-project/) issued as of March 2025

The Kingdom of Bhutan [migrated its National Digital Identity (NDI) system](https://www.bhutanndi.com/article/bhutan-adopts-ethereum-for-national-identity-a-new-chapter-in-digital-sovereignty_2d0c7ec2-5605-4c42-b258-bd9361ae8878) to Ethereum in October 2025. Built on the principles of decentralized identity and self-sovereign identity, Bhutan’s NDI system uses decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials to issue digitally signed credentials directly to a citizen's personal wallet. By anchoring cryptographic proofs of these credentials on Ethereum, the system ensures they are authentic, tamper-proof, and can be verified by any party without querying a central authority.

The system's architecture emphasizes privacy through the use of [zero-knowledge proof (ZKP)](/zero-knowledge-proofs/) technology. This implementation of "selective disclosure" allows citizens to prove specific facts (e.g., "I am over 18" or "I am a citizen") to access services without revealing the underlying personal data, such as their full ID number or exact date of birth. This demonstrates a powerful, real-world use of Ethereum for a secure, user-centric, and privacy-preserving national ID system.

#### 💡Case study: City of Buenos Aires QuarkID on Ethereum [Layer 2](/layer-2/) ZKSync Era {#case-study-buenos-aires-quarkid}

- Issued decentralized identity credentials to over [3.6 million users](https://buenosaires.gob.ar/innovacionytransformaciondigital/miba-con-tecnologia-quarkid-la-ciudad-de-buenos-aires-incorporo) at launch
- QuarkID is an open-source protocol recognized as a [Digital Public Good](https://www.digitalpublicgoods.net/r/quarkid) under the UN Sustainable Development Goals
- Emphasizes a "[government-as-user](https://buenosaires.gob.ar/innovacionytransformaciondigital/miba-con-tecnologia-quarkid-la-ciudad-de-buenos-aires-incorporo)" model, where the city does not own the protocol, giving citizens full data ownership and privacy

In 2024, the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (GCBA) integrated QuarkID, the open-source “digital trust framework” built by the GCBA’s Secretariat of Innovation and Digital Transformation, into miBA, the city’s official app for residents to access government services and official documents. At launch, all 3.6 million+ users of miBA were issued decentralized digital identities that allow them to manage and share verifiable digital documents and certificates onchain, including citizenship credentials, birth, marriage, and death certificates, tax records, vaccination records, and more.

Built on Ethereum [Layer 2](/layer-2/) network ZKSync Era, the QuarkID system uses ZKP technology to allow citizens to verify personal credentials peer-to-peer through their mobile devices—without exposing unnecessary personal data. The program highlights a “government-as-user" model in which the GCBA acts as one user of the open-source, interoperable QuarkID protocol, rather than acting as a centralized owner. This ZKP-enabled architecture provides a key privacy feature: no third-party, not even the GCBA, can track how, when, or why a citizen uses their credentials. This successful program provides citizens with full self-sovereign identity and control over their sensitive data, all secured by Ethereum’s globally-distributed network.
The Kingdom of Bhutan [migrated its National Digital Identity (NDI) system](https://www.bhutanndi.com/article/bhutan-adopts-ethereum-for-national-identity-a-new-chapter-in-digital-sovereignty_2d0c7ec2-5605-4c42-b258-bd9361ae8878) to Ethereum in October 2025. Built on the principles of decentralized identity and self-sovereign identity, Bhutan’s NDI system uses decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials to issue digitally signed credentials directly to a citizen's personal wallet. By anchoring issuer schemas of these credentials on Ethereum, the system ensures they are authentic, tamper-proof, and can be verified by any party without querying a central authority.

## What are attestations? {#what-are-attestations}

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -188,8 +176,6 @@ There are many ambitious projects using Ethereum as a foundation for decentraliz
- **[SpruceID](https://www.spruceid.com/)** - _A decentralized identity project which allows users to control digital identity with Ethereum accounts and ENS profiles instead of relying on third-party services._
- **[Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS)](https://attest.org/)** - _A decentralized ledger/protocol for making onchain or offchain attestations about anything._
- **[Proof of Humanity](https://www.proofofhumanity.id)** - _Proof of Humanity (or PoH) is a social identity verification system built on Ethereum._
- **[BrightID](https://www.brightid.org/)** - _A decentralized, open-source social identity network seeking to reform identity verification through the creation and analysis of a social graph._
- **[walt.id](https://walt.id)** — _Open source decentralized identity and wallet infrastructure that enables developers and organizations to leverage self-sovereign identity and NFTs/SBTs._
- **[Veramo](https://veramo.io/)** - _A JavaScript framework that makes it easy for anyone to use cryptographically verifiable data in their applications._

## Further reading {#further-reading}
Expand Down
Loading