Add base abstraction for pin interrupts

[OttoWinter]

Describe the problem you have/What new integration you would like

ESPHome mostly uses attachInterrupt everywhere for interrupts. However the argument that can be given there is only a function with no parameter - so it's very hard to create a component that uses interrupts. Arduino has FunctionalInterrupt for this, however that appears to be broken in recent versions (esphome/esphome-core#511)

ESPHome should provide a similar function in the GPIOPin abstraction - that can then call the appropriate low level functions (like it is done in esphome/esphome-core#511)