Helpers to transform Twisted requests to Rust http Requests/Responses (…

…#17081)

This adds functions to transform a Twisted request to the
`http::Request`, and then to send back an `http::Response` through it.

It also imports the SynapseError exception so that we can throw that
from Rust code directly

Example usage of this would be:

```rust
use crate::http::{http_request_from_twisted, http_response_to_twisted, HeaderMapPyExt};

fn handler(twisted_request: &PyAny) -> PyResult<()> {
    let request = http_request_from_twisted(twisted_request)?;

    let ua: headers::UserAgent = request.headers().typed_get_required()?;

    if whatever {
        return Err((crate::errors::SynapseError::new(
            StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED,
            "Whatever".to_owned
            "M_UNAUTHORIZED",
            None,
            None,
        )));
    }

    let response = Response::new("hello".as_bytes());
    http_response_to_twisted(twisted_request, response)?;

    Ok(())
}
```

changelog.d/17081.misc

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add helpers to transform Twisted requests to Rust http Requests/Responses.

rust/Cargo.toml

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ name = "synapse.synapse_rust"
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.63"
+bytes = "1.6.0"
+headers = "0.4.0"
+http = "1.1.0"
 lazy_static = "1.4.0"
 log = "0.4.17"
 pyo3 = { version = "0.20.0", features = [

rust/src/errors.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 New Vector, Ltd
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+ * <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+ */
+
+#![allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode};
+use pyo3::{exceptions::PyValueError, import_exception};
+
+import_exception!(synapse.api.errors, SynapseError);
+
+impl SynapseError {
+    pub fn new(
+        code: StatusCode,
+        message: String,
+        errcode: &'static str,
+        additional_fields: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
+        headers: Option<HeaderMap>,
+    ) -> pyo3::PyErr {
+        // Transform the HeaderMap into a HashMap<String, String>
+        let headers = if let Some(headers) = headers {
+            let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity(headers.len());
+            for (key, value) in headers.iter() {
+                let Ok(value) = value.to_str() else {
+                    // This should never happen, but we don't want to panic in case it does
+                    return PyValueError::new_err(
+                        "Could not construct SynapseError: header value is not valid ASCII",
+                    );
+                };
+
+                map.insert(key.as_str().to_owned(), value.to_owned());
+            }
+            Some(map)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        SynapseError::new_err((code.as_u16(), message, errcode, additional_fields, headers))
+    }
+}
+
+import_exception!(synapse.api.errors, NotFoundError);
+
+impl NotFoundError {
+    pub fn new() -> pyo3::PyErr {
+        NotFoundError::new_err(())
+    }
+}