Investigate improvements to all pattern matching

[jaymode]

In #36017, a targeted improvement is made to the pattern matching for indices permissions to improve the exact match performance and building of permissions. @tvernum suggested that we can extract this logic into a Patterns class and update other places where pattern matching is done. Also, we can investigate the performance of other methods such as String#startsWith and String#endsWith in certain cases in place of a Automaton.

[elasticmachine]

Pinging @elastic/es-security

[jaymode]

This investigation should also consider an observation from @tvernum

The way we compile automatons has certain quirks that mean, for a given pattern, it is more efficient to express it as a regular expression rather than a simple wildcard.

This means that something like logstash-*-bar-* might be better represented as /logstash-@-bar-@/ in terms of the number of states in the Automaton, which has an effect on the determinization and minimization operations.

Additionally, one item to consider is the fact that certain patterns may overlap; logstash-* encompasses logstash-bar and we can see if detecting this can also improve performance during construction of automata.