Fix CommandLineArgsCallbackContext ExecutionContext in AzureResourcePreparer and prevent WithVSCodeDebugSupport execution in publish mode

src/Aspire.Hosting.Azure/AzureResourcePreparer.cs

@@ -374,7 +374,10 @@ private async Task<HashSet<IAzureResource>> GetAzureReferences(IResource resourc
 
         if (resource.TryGetAnnotationsOfType<CommandLineArgsCallbackAnnotation>(out var commandLineArgsCallbackAnnotations))
         {
-            var context = new CommandLineArgsCallbackContext([], resource, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
+            var context = new CommandLineArgsCallbackContext([], resource, cancellationToken: cancellationToken)
+            {
+                ExecutionContext = executionContext
+            };
 
             foreach (var c in commandLineArgsCallbackAnnotations)
             {

src/Aspire.Hosting/ResourceBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -2310,15 +2310,10 @@ public static IResourceBuilder<T> WithVSCodeDebugSupport<T>(this IResourceBuilde
         ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(projectPath);
         ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(debugAdapterId);
 
-        if (builder is IResourceBuilder<IResourceWithArgs> resourceWithArgs)
+        if (builder.ApplicationBuilder.ExecutionContext.IsRunMode && builder is IResourceBuilder<IResourceWithArgs> resourceWithArgs)
         {
             resourceWithArgs.WithArgs(ctx =>
             {
-                if (!ctx.ExecutionContext.IsRunMode)
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-
                 var config = ctx.ExecutionContext.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IConfiguration>();
                 if (ExtensionUtils.IsExtensionHost(config) && argsCallback is not null)
                 {

tests/Aspire.Hosting.Azure.Tests/AzureResourcePreparerTests.cs

@@ -235,6 +235,38 @@ public async Task NullCommandLineArgIsIgnored()
         Assert.True(true);
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CommandLineArgsCallbackContextHasCorrectExecutionContextDuringPublish()
+    {
+        using var builder = TestDistributedApplicationBuilder.Create(DistributedApplicationOperation.Publish);
+        builder.AddAzureContainerAppEnvironment("env");
+
+        // Create a project with a WithArgs callback that checks IsRunMode before accessing ServiceProvider
+        // This simulates what WithVSCodeDebugSupport does
+        var api = builder.AddProject<Project>("api", launchProfileName: null)
+            .WithArgs(context =>
+            {
+                // This simulates WithVSCodeDebugSupport behavior - checking IsRunMode before accessing ServiceProvider
+                if (!context.ExecutionContext.IsRunMode)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // This should not be reached during publish mode, but if the ExecutionContext is not set correctly,
+                // it will default to Run mode and then try to access ServiceProvider which will throw
+                _ = context.ExecutionContext.ServiceProvider;
+            });
+
+        using var app = builder.Build();
+
+        // This should not throw because ExecutionContext should be set to Publish mode
+        // and the IsRunMode check should prevent accessing ServiceProvider
+        await ExecuteBeforeStartHooksAsync(app, default);
+
+        // Test passes if we reach this point without exceptions
+        Assert.True(true);
+    }
+
     private sealed class Project : IProjectMetadata
     {
         public string ProjectPath => "project";