release-22.1: roachtest: allow TC_BUILDTYPE_ID to be accessible by Docker

[smg260]

Backport 1/1 commits from #81579.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

---

In #81103, the process of generating TeamCity links in test failure
reports started relying on the TC_BUILDTYPE_ID environment
variable. While that variable was added to TeamCity builds, it was not
being passed down to Docker where the tests actually run. As a result,
links generated by the GitHub poster were broken (see, for example, #81572).

This commit makes TC_BUILDTYPE_ID accessible by Docker for every
build that was already passing TC_BUILD_BRANCH. This should be
sufficient to cover all existing cases and more, in case having
access to this variable becomes useful in the future.

Release note: None

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• Patches should only be created for serious issues or test-only changes.
• Patches should not break backwards-compatibility.
• Patches should change as little code as possible.
• Patches should not change on-disk formats or node communication protocols.
• Patches should not add new functionality.
• Patches must not add, edit, or otherwise modify cluster versions; or add version gates.

If some of the basic criteria cannot be satisfied, ensure that the exceptional criteria are satisfied within.

• There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way.
• The new functionality is additive-only and only runs for clusters which have specifically “opted in” to it (e.g. by a cluster setting).
• New code is protected by a conditional check that is trivial to verify and ensures that it only runs for opt-in clusters.
• The PM and TL on the team that owns the changed code have signed off that the change obeys the above rules.

Add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this backport.

Some other things to consider:

• What did we do to ensure that a user that doesn’t know & care about this backport, has no idea that it happened?
• Will this work in a cluster of mixed patch versions? Did we test that?
• If a user upgrades a patch version, uses this feature, and then downgrades, what happens?

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is