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| Original file line number | Diff line number | Diff line change |
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| ## Using Math Object | ||
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| JavaScript has a built-in `Math` object that provides common mathematical operations, such as `abs`, `sin`, `cos`, `random`, `pow`, `sqr`, etc. CLEO Redux extends this object to include extra operations supported by the game. The interface of `Math` looks as follows: | ||
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| ```ts | ||
| declare class Math { | ||
| // native code | ||
| static readonly E: number; | ||
| static readonly LN10: number; | ||
| static readonly LN2: number; | ||
| static readonly LOG2E: number; | ||
| static readonly LOG10E: number; | ||
| static readonly PI: number; | ||
| static readonly SQRT1_2: number; | ||
| static readonly SQRT2: number; | ||
| static abs(x: number): number; | ||
| static acos(x: number): number; | ||
| static asin(x: number): number; | ||
| static atan(x: number): number; | ||
| static atan2(y: number, x: number): number; | ||
| static ceil(x: number): number; | ||
| static cos(x: number): number; | ||
| static exp(x: number): number; | ||
| static floor(x: number): number; | ||
| static log(x: number): number; | ||
| static max(...values: number[]): number; | ||
| static min(...values: number[]): number; | ||
| static pow(x: number, y: number): number; | ||
| static random(): number; | ||
| static round(x: number): number; | ||
| static sin(x: number): number; | ||
| static sqrt(x: number): number; | ||
| static tan(x: number): number; | ||
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| // GTA III and GTA Vice City commands | ||
| static ConvertMetresToFeet(metres: int): int; | ||
| static RandomFloatInRange(min: float, max: float): float; | ||
| static RandomIntInRange(min: int, max: int): int; | ||
| // GTA Vice City-only commands | ||
| static GetDistanceBetweenCoords2D(fromX: float, fromY: float, toX: float, toZ: float): float; | ||
| static GetDistanceBetweenCoords3D(fromX: float, fromY: float, fromZ: float, toX: float, toY: float, toZ: float): float; | ||
| } | ||
| ``` | ||
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| The first group includes the native constants and methods provided by the JavaScript runtime. They start with a lowercase letter, e.g. `Math.abs`. You can find the detailed documentation for these methods [here](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Math). | ||
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| The second group includes the game-specific methods (in this case those of GTA III). Following the naming convention, each method that is bound to a script opcode starts with a capital letter, e.g. `Math.RandomIntInRange` (opcode 0209). You can find the documentation in [Sanny Builder Library](https://library.sannybuilder.com/). | ||
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| ```js | ||
| var x = Math.abs(-1); // x = 1 | ||
| var f = Math.ConvertMetresToFeet(10) // f = 32 | ||
| var pi = Math.floor(Math.PI) // pi = 3 | ||
| ``` |
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| ## Using Memory class | ||
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| Static class `Memory` provides methods for accessing and manipulating the data or code in the current process. It has the following interface: | ||
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| ```ts | ||
| class Memory { | ||
| static ReadFloat(address: int, vp: boolean): float; | ||
| static WriteFloat(address: int, value: float, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static ReadI8(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static ReadI16(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static ReadI32(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static ReadU8(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static ReadU16(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static ReadU32(address: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static WriteI8(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static WriteI16(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static WriteI32(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static WriteU8(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static WriteU16(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static WriteU32(address: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
| static Read(address: int, size: int, vp: boolean): int; | ||
| static Write(address: int, size: int, value: int, vp: boolean): void; | ||
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| static ToFloat(value: int): float; | ||
| static FromFloat(value: float): int; | ||
| static ToU8(value: int): int; | ||
| static ToU16(value: int): int; | ||
| static ToU32(value: int): int; | ||
| static ToI8(value: int): int; | ||
| static ToI16(value: int): int; | ||
| static ToI32(value: int): int; | ||
| } | ||
| ``` | ||
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| ### Reading and Writing Values | ||
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| First group of methods (`ReadXXX`/`WriteXXX`) can be used for changing values stored in the memory. Each method is designed for a particular data type. To change a floating-point value (which occupies 4 bytes in the original game) use `Memory.WriteFloat`, e.g.: | ||
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| ```js | ||
| Memory.WriteFloat(address, 1.0, false) | ||
| ``` | ||
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| where `address` is a variable storing the memory location, `1.0` is the value to write and `false` means it's not necessary to change the memory protection with `VirtualProtect` (the address is already writable). | ||
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| Similarly, to read a value from the memory, use one of the `ReadXXX` methods, depending on what data type the memory address contains. For example, to read a 8-bit signed integer (also known as a `char` or `uint8`) use `Memory.ReadI8`, e.g.: | ||
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| ```js | ||
| var x = Memory.ReadI8(address, true) | ||
| ``` | ||
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| variable `x` now holds a 8-bit integer value in the range (0..255). For the sake of showing possible options, this example uses `true` as the last argument, which means the default protection attribute for this address will be changed to `PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE` before the read. | ||
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| ```js | ||
| var gravity = Memory.ReadFloat(gravityAddress, false); | ||
| gravity += 0.05; | ||
| Memory.WriteFloat(gravityAddress, gravity, false); | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Finally, last two methods `Read` and `Write` is what other methods use under the hood. They have direct binding to opcodes [0A8D READ_MEMORY](https://library.sannybuilder.com/#/gta3/CLEO/0A8D) and [0A8C WRITE_MEMORY](https://library.sannybuilder.com/#/gta3/CLEO/0A8C) and produce the same result. | ||
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| The `size` parameter in the `Read` method can only be `1`, `2` or `4`. CLEO treats the `value` as a signed integer stored in the little-endian format. | ||
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| In the `Write` method any `size` larger than `0` is allowed. Sizes `3` and `5` onwards can only be used together with a single byte `value`. CLEO uses them to fill a continious block of memory starting at the `address` with the given `value` (think of it as `memset` in C++). | ||
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| ```js | ||
| Memory.Write(addr, 0x90, 10, true) // "noping" 10 bytes of code starting from addr | ||
| ``` | ||
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| **Note that usage of any of the read/write methods requires the `mem` [permission](README.md#Permissions)**. | ||
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| ### Casting methods | ||
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| By default `Read` and `Write` methods treat data as signed integer values. It can be inconvinient if the memory holds a floating-point value in IEEE 754 format or a large 32-bit signed integer (e.g. a pointer). In this case use casting methods `ToXXX`/`FromXXX`. They act similarly to [reinterpret_cast](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/reinterpret-cast-operator?view=msvc-160) operator in C++. | ||
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| To get a quick idea what to expect from those methods see the following examples: | ||
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| ```js | ||
| Memory.FromFloat(1.0) => 1065353216 | ||
| Memory.ToFloat(1065353216) => 1.0 | ||
| Memory.ToU8(-1) => 255 | ||
| Memory.ToU16(-1) => 65535 | ||
| Memory.ToU32(-1) => 4294967295 | ||
| Memory.ToI8(255) => -1 | ||
| Memory.ToI16(65535) => -1 | ||
| Memory.ToI32(4294967295) => -1 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| Alternatively, use appropriate methods to read/write the value as a float (`ReadFloat`/`WriteFloat`) or as an unsigned integer (`ReadUXXX`/`WriteUXXX`). |
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